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List of bioluminescent fungi

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Found largely in temperate and tropical climates, currently there are more than 125 known species of bioluminescent fungi,[1] all of which are members of the order Agaricales (Basidiomycota) with one possible exceptional ascomycete belonging to the order Xylariales.[2][NB 1] All known bioluminescent Agaricales are mushroom-forming, white-spored agarics that belong to four distinct evolutionary lineages. The Omphalotus lineage (comprising the genera Omphalotus and Neonothopanus) contains 12 species, the Armillaria lineage has 10 known species, while the Mycenoid lineage (Favolachia, Mycena, Panellus, Prunulus, Roridomyces) has more than 50 species. The recently discovered Lucentipes lineage contains two species, Mycena lucentipes and Gerronema viridilucens, which belong to a family that has not yet been formally named.[4] Armillaria mellea is the most widely distributed of the luminescent fungi, found across Asia, Europe, North America, and South Africa.[5]

bioluminescent mycena roseoflava
Bioluminescent Mycena roseoflava
Panellus stipticus, one of about 125 known species of bioluminescent fungi

Adding to these, the newly discovered Eoscyphella lineage, represented by Eoscyphella luciurceolata from the Atlantic Rainforest in southern Brazil, marks a significant expansion in our understanding of fungal bioluminescence.[6]

Bioluminescent fungi emit a greenish light at a wavelength of 520–530 nm. The light emission is continuous and occurs only in living cells.[7] No correlation of fungal bioluminescence with cell structure has been found. Bioluminescence may occur in both mycelia and fruit bodies, as in Panellus stipticus and Omphalotus olearius, or only in mycelia and young rhizomorphs, as in Armillaria mellea.[8] In Roridomyces roridus luminescence occurs only in the spores, while in Collybia tuberosa, it is only in the sclerotia.[9]

Although the biochemistry of fungal bioluminescence has not fully been characterized, the preparation of bioluminescent, cell-free extracts has allowed researchers to characterize the in vitro requirements of fungal bioluminescence. Experimental data suggest that a two-stage mechanism is required. In the first, a light-emitting substance (called "luciferin") is reduced by a soluble reductase enzyme at the expense of NAD(P)H. In the second stage, reduced luciferin is oxidized by an insoluble luciferase that releases the energy in the form of bluish-green light. Conditions that affect the growth of fungi, such as pH, light and temperature, have been found to influence bioluminescence, suggesting a link between metabolic activity and fungal bioluminescence.[9]

All bioluminescent fungi share the same enzymatic mechanism, suggesting that there is a bioluminescent pathway that arose early in the evolution of the mushroom-forming Agaricales.[4] All known luminescent species are white rot fungi capable of breaking down lignin, found in abundance in wood. Bioluminescence is an oxygen-dependent metabolic process and therefore may provide antioxidant protection against the potentially damaging effects of reactive oxygen species produced during wood decay.

The physiological and ecological function of fungal bioluminescence has not been established with certainty. It has been suggested that in the dark beneath closed tropical forest canopies, bioluminescent fruit bodies may be at an advantage by attracting grazing animals (including insects and other arthropods) that could help disperse their spores. Conversely, where mycelium (and vegetative structures like rhizomorphs and sclerotia) are the bioluminescent tissues, the argument has been made that light emission could deter grazing.[9]

The following list of bioluminescent mushrooms is based on a 2008 literature survey by Dennis Desjardin and colleagues,[10] in addition to accounts of several new species published since then.[11][12][13][14]

Species

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Key

Binomial
The binomial name of the fungal species, including the author citation—the person who first described the species using an available scientific name, using standardized abbreviations.
Luminescence
Indicates which form of the fungus—mycelium or fruit body—produces luminescence.
Distribution
The geographical distribution of the species. AF = Africa; AS = Asia; AU = Australasia; CA = Central America and the Caribbean; EU = Europe; NA = North America; SA = South America.
References
Literature sources where bioluminescence was reported.
 
Armillaria novae-zelandiae[15]
 
Mycena vinacea[15]
 
Mycena roseoflava[15]
 
Armillaria gallica
 
Mycena chlorophos
 
Mycena haematopus
 
Mycena epipterygia
 
Mycena polygramma
 
Mycena singeri
 
Mycena luxaeterna
 
Mycena pura
 
Omphalotus olearius
 
Gills of O. olearius
 
Roridomyces roridus
 
Mycena lucentipes
 
Omphalotus subilludens
 
Omphalotus subilludens
Binomial Luminescence Distribution References
Mycelium Fruit body
Armillaria calvescens
Bérubé & Dessur. 		Yes ? Eastern NA [16]
Armillaria cepistipes
Velen. 		Yes ? NA, Eurasia [16]
Armillaria fuscipes
Petch 		Yes No Malaysia, Africa [8][17][18]
Armillaria gallica
Marxm. & Romagn. 		Yes No EU, NA, Africa, Japan [19]
Armillaria gemina
Bérubé & Dessur. 		Yes ? Eastern NA [16]
Armillaria limonea
(G.Stev.) Boesew. 		No Yes Australasia, SA [15]
Armillaria mellea
(Valh.) P.Kumm. 		Yes No Eurasia, NA [19][20]
Armillaria nabsnona
T.J. Volk & Burds. 		Yes ? Western NA, Asia [16]
Armillaria novae-zelandiae
(G.Stev.) Boesew. 		No Yes NZ, Australia, New Guinea, SA [15]
Armillaria ostoyae
(Romagn.) Henrik 		Yes No EU, NA [21]
Armillaria sinapina
Bérubé & Dessur. 		Yes ? NA, Asia [16]
Armillaria tabescens
(Scop.) Emel 		Yes No EU, NA [19]
Collybia tuberosa
(Bull.) P. Kumm 		No Only sclerotia EU, NA, Lithuania [22][23]
Cruentomycena orientalis
Har. Takah., Taneyama & Hadano 		Yes Yes Japan, Taiwan [24]
Desarmillaria ectypa
(Fr.) R.A. Koch & Aime 		Yes Yes (gills) EU [25]
Dictyopanus foliicolus
Kobayasi[a] 		Yes Yes Japan [27][28]
Eoscyphella luciurceolata
Silva-Filho, Stevani & Desjardin 		No Yes Brazil [6]
Favolaschia manipularis
(Berk.) Teng[b] 		? Yes Malaysia, Pacific islands [30][31]
Favolaschia tonkinensis
(Pat.) Kuntze, 1898 		No Yes Eastern India, China (Yunnan) [32]
Filoboletus hanedae
(as 'hanedai′) Kobayasi[c] 		? Yes Japan [27]
Filoboletus pallescens
(Boedijn) Maas Geest. 		? Yes Malaysia, Indonesia (Krakatoa) [34]
Favolaschia peziziformis
(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc. 		? Yes Japan [35]
Filoboletus yunnanensis
P.G.Liu 		? Yes China [34]
Gerronema viridilucens
Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani 		Yes Yes SA [36]
Marasmiellus venosus
Har. Takah., Taneyama & Hadano 		No Yes Japan [37][failed verification]
Mycena aspratilis
Maas Geest. & de Meijer 		? Yes (Hymenophore) SA [11]
Mycena asterina
Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani 		Yes Yes SA [38]
Mycena cahaya
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia [39]
Mycena citricolor
(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc. 		Yes No SA, CA, Jamaica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto Rico [18][40]
Mycena chlorophos
(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc. 		Yes Yes Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan, Pacific Islands [31]
Mycena cristinae
J.S. Oliveira 		Yes Yes Brazil [1]
Mycena crocata

(Schrad.) P. Kumm.

Yes No Europe [41][42]
Mycena coralliformis
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin 		Yes ? Malaysia [30]
Mycena daisyogunensis
Kobayasi 		? Yes Japan [27]
Mycena deeptha
Aravind. & Manim. 		Yes No India, Malaysia [13]
Mycena deformis
Maas Geest. & de Meijer 		Yes No Brazil [43]
Mycena deusta
Maas Geest. & de Meijer 		? Yes Brazil [44]
Mycena discobasis
Metrod 		? Yes SA, AF [38]
Mycena sp. "Erua (PDD 80772)" Yes Yes NZ [45][46]
Mycena epipterygia
(Scop.: Fr.) S.F.Gray 		Yes No EU, NA, Japan [43]
Mycena fera
Maas Geest. & de Meijer 		? Yes SA [38]
Mycena flammifera
Har. Takah. & Taneyama 		? Yes Japan [47]
Mycena fulgoris
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin 		No Yes (stipe) Mexico [48]
Mycena fusca
Cleland 		? ? South Australia [49]
Mycena galopus
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes No EU, NA, Japan [18][41][43][50]
Mycena globulispora
Maas Geest. & de Meijer 		Yes Yes (basidiomes) Brazil [51]
Mycena gombakensis
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia [30]
Mycena guzmanii
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin 		Yes Yes Mexico [48]
Mycena haematopus
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes Yes EU, NA, Japan [41][50][52]
Mycena illuminans
Henn. 		Yes Yes Malaysia, Japan [30][31][53][54]
Mycena inclinata
(Fr.) Quél. 		Yes No EU, NA, AF [17]
Mycena jingyinga
C.C. Chang, C.Y. Chen, W.W. Lin & H.W. Kao 		Yes No Taiwan [55]
Mycena kentingensis
Y.S. Shih, C.Y. Chen, W.W. Lin & H.W. Kao 		? Yes Taiwan [14]
Mycena lacrimans
Singer 		? Yes SA (Brazil) [38]
Mycena lazulina
Har. Takah., Taneyama, Terashima & Oba 		? Yes Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Australia [56]
Mycena lucentipes
Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani 		Yes Yes SA, CA [38]
Mycena luguensis
C.C. Chang, C.Y. Chen, W.W. Lin & H.W. Kao 		Yes No Taiwan [55]
Mycena lumina
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin 		No Yes Mexico [48]
Mycena lux-coeli
Corner 		? Yes Japan [31]
Mycena luxaeterna
B.A.Perry & Desjardin 		Yes Yes SA [11]
Mycena luxarboricola
B.A.Perry & Desjardin 		No Yes SA [11]
Mycena luxfoliata [ceb]
Har. Takah., Taneyama & Terashima 		Yes No Japan [51]
Mycena luxfoliicola
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin & Ram.-Cruz 		Yes Yes Mexico [48]
Mycena luxperpetua
B.A. Perry & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Puerto Rico [11]
Mycena maculata
P.Karst. 		Yes ? EU, NA, AF [50]
Mycena margarita
(Murrill) Murrill 		? Yes (yellowish green light in all parts of the basidiome, or nonluminescent in some populations) Caribbean - Florida (USA), Belize, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil [57][11]
Mycena nebula
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin & Rockefeller 		No Yes Mexico [48]
Mycena nocticaelum
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia [30]
Mycena noctilucens
Kawam. ex Corner[d] 		? Yes Malaysia, Pacific islands, South Solomons [31][54]
Mycena olivaceomarginata
(Massee apud Cooke) Massee 		Yes No EU, NA [17]
Mycena oculisnymphae
Desjardin, B.A. Perry & Stevanir 		? Yes (basidiome) Brazil [51]
Mycena perlae
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin & Rockefeller 		No Yes Mexico [48]
Mycena polygramma
(Bull.: Fr.) S.F.Gray 		Yes No AF, EU, NA, Japan [18][43][50]
Mycena pruinosoviscida
Corner[e] 		? Yes (and spores) AU, Malaysia, Japan (Hachijō-jima) [31][54]
Mycena pseudostylobates
Kobayasi 		Yes ? Japan [27]
Mycena pura
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes No EU, NA, SA, Japan [50]
Mycena rosea
(Bull.) Gramberg 		Yes No EU [50]
Mycena roseoflava
(G.Stev.) 		Yes Yes NZ [15]
Mycena sanguinolenta
(Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes No EU, NA, Japan [41][43]
Mycena seminau
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia [39]
Mycena silvaelucens
B.A.Perry & Desjardin 		? Yes (pileus, lamellae, stipe) Malaysia [11]
Mycena sinar
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia [39]
Mycena sinar var. tangkaisinar
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin 		? Yes Malaysia [30]
Mycena singeri
Lodge 		? Yes SA, CA [38]
Mycena stellaris
Har.Takah., Taneyama & Hadano 		? Yes Taiwan [59]
Mycena stylobates
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes No AF, EU, NA, Japan [41][43]
Mycena sublucens
Corner 		No Yes Malaysia [31]
Mycena tintinnabulum
(Fr.) Quél. 		Yes No EU [60]
Mycena venus
C.C. Chang, C.Y. Chen, W.W. Lin & H.W. Kao 		Yes No Taiwan [55]
Mycena vinacea
Cleland 		? Yes (basidiomes) AU, NZ [15]
Mycena zephirus
(Fr.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes No EU [43][50]
Neonothopanus gardneri
(Berk. ex Gardner) Capelari, Desjardin, Perry, Asai & Stevani 		Yes Yes SA [12][61]
Neonothopanus nambi
(Speg.) Petersen & Krisai-Greilhuber 		Yes Yes AU, SA, CA, Malaysia [30][62]
Nothopanus eugrammus
(Mont.) Singer[f] 		No Yes Japan, Malaysia, Singapore [62]
Nothopanus noctilucens
(Lév.) Singer 		? Yes Japan [64][65]
Omphalotus flagelliformis
Zhu L. Yang & B. Feng 		Yes Yes China [66]
Omphalotus illudens
(Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl. 		Yes Yes EU, NA [8][17][18]
Omphalotus japonicus
(Kawam.) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill.[g] 		Yes Yes China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan [52][68][69][70]
Omphalotus mangensis
(J.Li & X.Hu) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill. 		? Yes China [71]
Omphalotus nidiformis
(Berk.) O.K.Mill. 		? Yes AU [72][73]
Omphalotus olearius
(DC.: Fr.) Singer 		Yes Yes EU, US [17]
Omphalotus olivascens
H.E.Bigelow, O.K.Mill. & Thiers 		No Yes NA [74]
Omphalotus subilludens
(Murrill) H.E.Bigelow 		Yes Yes US [75]
Panellus luminescens
(Corner) Corner 		Yes Yes Malaysia [30][76][77]
Panellus luxfilamentus
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin 		Yes ? Malaysia [30]
Panellus pusillus
(Pers. ex Lév.) Burdsall & O.K.Mill.[h] 		Yes Yes AF, AU, NA, SA, Malaysia, Japan [28][31][65][77][79]
Panellus stipticus
(Bull.: Fr.) P.Karst. 		Yes Yes AU, AF, EU, NA, SA, Japan [18][80][20]
Pleurotus decipiens
Corner 		? Yes Malaysia [62]
Resinomycena petarensis
Desjardin, B.A. Perry & Stevani 		Yes No Brazil [51]
Roridomyces irritans
(E.Horak) Rexer 		No Yes AU [81]
Roridomyces phyllostachydis
Karun., Mortimer and Axford 		No Yes India [82]
Roridomyces pruinosoviscidus
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia, Bismark Archipelago [30]
Roridomyces lamprosporus
(Corner) Rexer[i] 		No Yes (spores) Malaysia, AU [54][76][81]
Roridomyces roridus
(Fr.) Rexer[j] 		Yes No EU, NA, SA, Japan [86]
Roridomyces sublucens
Corner 		No Yes (stipe and gills) Amboina (Indonesia) [87]
Roridomyces viridiluminus
L.A.P. Dauner, Karunarathna & P.E. Mortimer 		Yes Yes China (Yunnan) [87]
Tricholoma sciodes
(Pers.) C. Martín 		Yes No Lithuania [23]
Xylaria hypoxylon
(L.) Grev. 		? Allegedly (?)[NB 1] EU [88][20]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Apparently it is the same species as given in Index Fungorum with a current name as Dictyopanus foliicola Kobayasi.[26]
  2. ^ This species is given in Audrey et al. (2015) as Filoboletus manipularis and in Corner (1954) as Mycena manipularis var. microporus, but Index Fungorum indicates that Favolaschia manipularis is the current name.[29]
  3. ^ This species is given in Kobayasi (1951) as Poromycena hanedae (as ′hanedai′) but Index Fungorum indicates that Filoboletus hanedae (as ′hanedai′) is the current name.[33]
  4. ^ This species is presumably given in Corner (1994) as Mycena Noctilucens var. magnispora but Index Fungorum indicates that Mycena Noctilucens is the current name.
  5. ^ This species is given in Corner (1954) and presumably in Corner (1994) as Mycena pruinoso-viscida and Mycena pruinoso-viscida var. rabaulensis but Index Fungorum indicates that Mycena pruinosoviscida is the current name.[58]
  6. ^ This species is given in Corner (1981) as Pleurotus eugrammus var. radicicolus, but Index Fungorum indicates that Nothopanus eugrammus is the current name.[63]
  7. ^ This species is given in Zang (1979) as Lampteromyces luminescens, but Index Fungorum indicates that Omphalotus japonicus is the current name.[67]
  8. ^ This species is given in Corner (1954) as Dictyopanus pusillus var. sublamellatus and in Kobayasi (1963), Corner (1954), Corner (1986) as Panellus gloeocystidiatus but Index Fungorum indicates that Panellus pusillus is the current name.[78]
  9. ^ This species is given in Corner (1994), Corner (1950), Horak (1978) as Mycena lamprospora, but Index Fungorum indicates that Roridomyces lamprosporus is the current name.[83]
  10. ^ This species is given in Desjardin et al. (2008) as Mycena rorida, but both Index Fungorum and MycoBank indicate that Roridomyces roridus is the current name.[84][85]
  1. ^ a b Xylaria hypoxylon is indeed identified as bioluminescent in some sources; the light is said to be extremely faint, however.[3][wb 1]

Subnotes

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  1. ^ See photos here: Cann, AJ (2017-12-19). "Candlesnuff Luminescence". NatureSpot. Archived from the original on 2023-06-20.

References

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  1. ^ Stevani, C. V., Zamuner, C. K., Bastos, E. L., de Nóbrega, B. B., Soares, D. M. M., Oliveira, A. G., Bechara, E. J. H., Shakhova, E. S., Sarkisyan, K. S., Yampolsky, I. V., & Kaskova, Z. M. (2024). The living light from fungi. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 58, 100654.
  2. ^ Seas-Carvajal C, Avalos G (2013). "Distribution of bioluminescent fungi across old-growth and secondary tropical rain forest in Costa Rica" (PDF). Revista de Biologia Tropical. 61 (2): 531–537. PMID 23885571.
  3. ^ O'Reilly, Pat (2024-09-11). "Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev. – Candlesnuff Fungus". First Nature (Fascinated by Fungi). Archived from the original on 2024-05-27.
  4. ^ a b Oliveira AG, Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Stevani CV (2012). "Evidence that a single bioluminescent system is shared by all known bioluminescent fungal lineages" (PDF). Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 11 (2): 848–852. Bibcode:2012PhPhS..11..848O. doi:10.1039/c2pp25032b. PMID 22495263. S2CID 205831865.
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  6. ^ a b Silva-Filho, Alexandre G. S.; Mombert, Andgelo; Nascimento, Cristiano C.; Nóbrega, Bianca B.; Soares, Douglas M. M.; Martins, Ana G. S.; Domingos, Adão H. R.; Santos, Isaias; Della-Torre, Olavo H. P.; Perry, Brian A.; Desjardin, Dennis E.; Stevani, Cassius V.; Menolli, Nelson (October 2023). "Eoscyphella luciurceolata gen. and sp. nov. (Agaricomycetes) Shed Light on Cyphellopsidaceae with a New Lineage of Bioluminescent Fungi". Journal of Fungi. 9 (10): 1004. doi:10.3390/jof9101004. ISSN 2309-608X. PMC 10608165. PMID 37888262.
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  11. ^ a b c d e f g Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Lodge DJ, Stevani CV, Nagasawa E (2010). "Luminescent Mycena: new and noteworthy species". Mycologia (Submitted manuscript). 102 (2): 459–477. doi:10.3852/09-197. PMID 20361513. S2CID 25377671. Archived from the original on 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2018-09-23.
  12. ^ a b Capelari M, Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Asai T, Stevani CV (2011). "Neonothopanus gardneri: a new combination for a bioluminescent agaric from Brazil". Mycologia. 103 (6): 1433–1440. doi:10.3852/11-097. PMID 21700638. S2CID 1333393.
  13. ^ a b Aravindakshan DM, Kumar TKA, Manimohan P (2012). "A new bioluminescent species of Mycena sect. Exornatae from Kerala State, India" (PDF). Mycosphere. 3 (5): 556–561. doi:10.8633/mycosphere/3/5/4.
  14. ^ a b Shih Y-S, Chen C-Y, Lin W-W, Kao H-W (2013). "Mycena kentingensis, a new species of luminous mushroom in Taiwan, with reference to its culture method". Mycological Progress. 13 (2): 429–435. doi:10.1007/s11557-013-0939-x. S2CID 52873712.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g "Bioluminescence in the Bush - Glow in the Dark Mushrooms in New Zealand". NZFungi. 2021-05-08. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
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  17. ^ a b c d e Wassink EC (1948). "Observations on the luminescence in fungi, I, including a critical review of the species mentioned as luminescent in literature". Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais. 41: 150–212.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Berliner MD (1961). "Diurnal periodicity of luminescence in three basidiomycetes". Science. 134 (3481): 740. Bibcode:1961Sci...134..740B. doi:10.1126/science.134.3481.740. PMID 17795289. S2CID 21001720.
  19. ^ a b c Mihail JD, Bruhn JN (2007). "Dynamics of bioluminescence by Armillaria gallica, A. mellea and A. tabescens" (PDF). Mycologia. 99 (3): 341–350. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.3.341. PMID 17883025.
  20. ^ a b c Murrill, William A. (1915). "Luminescence in the Fungi". Mycologia. v.7 (3). [Bronx, etc.]: New York Botanical Garden: 131–133. doi:10.1080/00275514.1915.12021702 – via www.biodiversitylibrary.org.
  21. ^ Rishbeth J. (1986). "Some characteristics of English Armillaria species in culture". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 86 (2): 213–218. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(86)80147-4.
  22. ^ Vydryakova GA, Psurtseva NV, Belova NV, Gusev AA, Pashenova NV, Medvedeva SE, Rodicheva EK, Gitelson JI (2008). "Luminous mushrooms". In Shen X, Yang X, Zhang X (eds.). Bioluminescence and chemiluminescence - light emission: Biology and scientific applications - proceedings of the 15th international symposium. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. pp. 79–82. ISBN 978-981-283-958-9.
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  24. ^ いりさじょうじ. "New Discovery: Bioluminescent Cruentomycena orientalis!!". きのこびと (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-08-31.
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  28. ^ a b Kobayasi Y. (1963). "Revision of the genus Dictyopanus with special references to the Japanese species". Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo. 6: 359–364.
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