In molecular biology lin-4 is a microRNA (miRNA) that was identified from a study of developmental timing in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.[1][2] It was the first to be discovered of the miRNAs, a class of non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation.[3] miRNAs are transcribed as ~70 nucleotide precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a 21 nucleotide product. The extents of the hairpin precursors are not generally known and are estimated based on hairpin prediction. The products are thought to have regulatory roles through complete or partial complementarity to mRNA. The lin-4 gene has been found to lie within a 4.11kb intron of a separate host gene (see also [1]).
| lin-4 microRNA precursor | |
|---|---|
 Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of lin-4 | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | lin-4 |
| Rfam | RF00052 |
| miRBase | MI0000002 |
| miRBase family | MIPF0000303 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Gene; miRNA |
| Domain(s) | Eukaryota |
| GO | GO:0035195 GO:0035068 |
| SO | SO:0001244 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |
Transcription
editlin-4 is transcribed from autonomous miRNA promoters and is developmentally regulated, with lin-4 miRNA accumulation occurring at the L2 stage of post-embryonic development. Additional to this is the up-regulation of endogenous lin-4 primary transcripts upon appearance of the lin-4 mature form.[4] lin-4 is found on chromosome II in C. elegans and is complementary to sequences in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of lin-14 mRNA, this complementary transcript containing seven binding sites along with the 9 nucleotide core element CUCAGGGAA. The lin-4:lin-14 duplex is seen to take up an unusual kinked structure, caused by induced changes in the groove dimension and base stacking due to the mismatched base pairs.[4] This lin-4:lin-14 pair have been linked to the IGF-1 pathway in C. elegans with regards to their modification of development.[5]
Developmental influence
editlin-4 acts to dictate the onset of larval stages of developmental events in C. elegans. lin-4 loss of function (lf) mutations see a resultant retardation of developmental fates, from their initially early to instead later larval stages. Consequences include heterochronic developmental patterns, with loss of structures such as the vulva and adult cuticle.[1] lin-4 acts as a negative regulator of lin-14[6][7] and represses accumulation of the LIN-14 protein.[8] It also targets lin-28 and reduces its protein expression through translational inhibition.[9] The base pairing in place between lin-4 and the target In question is discontinuous, consisting of two short helices.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V (1993). "The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14". Cell. 75 (5): 843–854. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-Y. PMID 8252621.
- ^ Rougvie, AE (2001). "Control of developmental timing in animals". Nat Rev Genet. 2 (9): 690–701. doi:10.1038/35088566. PMID 11533718.
- ^ Ambros, V (2001). "microRNAs: tiny regulators with great potential". Cell. 107 (7): 823–826. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00616-X. PMID 11779458.
- ^ a b Balasubramanian C, Ojha RP, Maiti S, Desideri A (2010). "Sampling the structure of the noncanonical lin-4:lin-14 microRNA:mRNA complex by molecular dynamics simulations". J Phys Chem B. 114 (49): 16443–9. doi:10.1021/jp104193r. PMID 21090710.
- ^ Boehm M, Slack F (2005). "A developmental timing microRNA and its target regulate life span in C. elegans". Science. 310 (5756): 1954–7. doi:10.1126/science.1115596. PMID 16373574.
- ^ Ambros V, Horvitz HR (1987). "The lin-14 locus of Caenorhabditis elegans controls the time of expression of specific postembryonic developmental events". Genes Dev. 1 (4): 398–414. doi:10.1101/gad.1.4.398. PMID 3678829.
- ^ Ambros V (1989). "A hierarchy of regulatory genes controls a larva-to-adult developmental switch in C. elegans". Cell. 57 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90171-2. PMID 2702689.
- ^ Olsen PH, Ambros V (1999). "The lin-4 regulatory RNA controls developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans by blocking LIN-14 protein synthesis after the initiation of translation". Dev Biol. 216 (2): 671–80. doi:10.1006/dbio.1999.9523. PMID 10642801.
- ^ Bagga S, Bracht J, Hunter S, Massirer K, Holtz J, Eachus R, et al. (2005). "Regulation by let-7 and lin-4 miRNAs results in target mRNA degradation". Cell. 122 (4): 553–63. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.07.031. PMID 16122423.
- ^ Ambros V (2001). "microRNAs: tiny regulators with great potential". Cell. 107 (7): 823–6. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00616-X. PMID 11779458.
External links
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