Li Nong (died c.June 350[1]) was a Chinese military general and politician of the Later Zhao and Ran Wei dynasties during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was a notable official under Later Zhao's emperor Shi Hu, fighting against the Jin and Former Yan dynasties. When the conflict between Shi Hu's family and his adopted ethnic Han grandson Shi Min (who later changed his name to Ran Min) arose in 349, he allied with the latter, and together they brought upon the destruction of Later Zhao, ending what was virtually a 20-year-long unity in northern China. However, just a year after, Li Nong and his family were executed by Ran Min for unspecified reasons.
Li Nong | |
|---|---|
| 李農 | |
| Grand Governor (太宰) | |
| In office 350–350 | |
| Monarch | Ran Min |
| Grand Marshal (大司馬) | |
| In office 349–350 | |
| Monarch | Shi Jian/Shi Min |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown |
| Died | 350 |
| Children | Three unnamed sons |
| Occupation | Military general, Politician |
Early career
editEarly career
editLi Nong first appeared in history in 335. At the time, he was already Shi Hu's Minister over the Masses who he tasked in paying respects to the Buddhist monk Fotudeng and check on his health twice daily.[2]
In 339, the Jin commander, Yu Liang, who had long intended to launch a campaign against Later Zhao, unknowingly provoked Shi Hu by camping at Zhucheng (邾城, in modern Huanggang, Hubei). Knowing that an invasion was imminent, Shi Hu ordered five of his generals, of which Li Nong and Shi Min were a part of, led by Kui An to attack Jingzhou and Yangzhou and Yu's base at Zhucheng. In the attack, Li Nong managed to capture Jin territories south of the Mian river(沔水, a historical name for the Han River) together with Kui An. The overall assault was a major success for Later Zhao, as many Jin generals and soldiers either died or surrendered and territorial gains were made while Yu Liang decided to call off his invasion upon hearing the losses.[3]
The same year, Li Nong was stationed at Lingzhi and appointed Commissioner Bearing Credentials, Chief of military affairs in Liaoxi and Beiping, General Who Conquers the East, and Governor of Yingzhou. He attacked the Former Yan city of Fancheng (凡城, in modern Kazuo County, Liaoning) but was repelled by Yue Wan.[4]
Shi Hu's succession crisis
editIn 348, Shi Hu's eldest son and heir Shi Xuan (石宣) assassinated his brother Shi Tao (石韜) who was greatly favoured by their father. Shi Xuan announced his death to Shi Hu, who at the time did not know that Xuan was responsible for his death. Shi Hu intended to visit the body, but Li Nong prevented him, advising that the assassins were most likely still around. Soon enough, the truth was revealed, and Shi Hu had Shi Xuan brutally executed.[5]
With his eldest and favourite dead, he was left with his youngest son Shi Shi, whose mother was Consort Liu, a favorite of Shi Hu. Shi Hu had Li Nong set a petition to have the ministers choose Shi Shi as Crown Prince. In 349, Shi Hu declared himself as emperor and granted a general amnesty. However, this amnesty did not include Shi Xuan's guards who were exiled to Liangzhou after his execution. In response, their captain Liang Du (梁犢) rebelled, and they marched towards Luoyang, defeating the Later Zhao generals in their way. Li Nong was made Grand General and sent to stop Liang Du's advance but was also defeated and forced to retreat. Fortunately for Shi Hu, Liang Du was eventually killed by Yao Yizhong.[6]
Death of Shi Hu and alliance with Shi Min
editReign of Shi Shi
editShi Hu died the same year he crowned himself emperor. Just after Shi Shi ascended the throne, an attempt on Li Nong's life was made. The Prime Minister Zhang Chai intended to get rid of Li Nong, who was the Minister of Works at the time. Li Nong's friend Zhang Ju (張舉), despite being a part of the plot, informed him before the plan could be carried due to their friendship. Li Nong took shelter at Shangbai (上白, in modern-day Guangzong County, Hebei) where he defended himself with the Qihuo troops whilst Empress Dowager Liu ordered Zhang Ju to besiege him.[7]
Reign of Shi Zun
editThe siege was lifted when Shi Zun, Shi Hu's son through his former empress Zheng Yingtao, launched a coup against Shi Shi and Empress Dowager Liu and put them to death. Li Nong returned to court to explain his initial decision in supporting Shi Shi and was pardoned. Shi Zun's brother, Shi Chong (石沖) rebelled after knowing about Shi Shi's death intending to avenge him. Li Nong and Shi Min battled Shi Chong at Pingji (平棘, in modern day Zhao County, Hebei), where the latter's army was annihilated. Shi Chong was then forced to commit suicide.[8]
Meanwhile, the Jin dynasty took notice of the Shi family's internal strife. The Jin minister Chu Pou was made Grand Commander to take advantage of it. As the people of Lu commandery offered their surrender to the Jin forces, Chu Pou sent Wang Kan (王龕) and Li Mai (李邁) to gather them. Li Nong fought them at Dai slope (代陂, east of present-day Tengzhou, Shandong) where he captured Wang Kan and killed Li Mai. The defeat forced Chu Pou to retreat south.[9]
Although Shi Min had been a staunch supporter of Shi Zun, their relationship broke down when Zun did not appoint Min as the Crown Prince despite his promise. Discussions were made between Shi Zun, Empress Dowager Zheng, and the other princes on getting rid of Shi Min. However, one prince, Shi Jian decided to alert Shi Min of this. Shi Min forced Li Nong to conspire with him, and together they surrounded Shi Zun's house. They executed him along with the Empress Dowager and their loyal ministers.[10]
Reign of Shi Jian
editShi Jian was installed as the new emperor, but real power was held by Shi Min and Li Nong, with Li being the Grand Marshal. During the two's time in power, numerous assassination attempts were made to remove them. The first was carried out by Shi Jian and his brother Shi Bao, who engineered a night raid but failed and was caught instead. Shi Jian pretended not to know anything of the plot, so he was spared while Shi Bao and the other perpetrators were executed. Another attempt by Shi Jian's family was made, consisting of Shi Cheng, Shi Chi and Shi Hui, although without Jian's knowledge, but all three were defeated and killed by Li Nong and Shi Min. The third plot was headed Sun Fudu (孫伏都) and Liu Zhu (劉銖), with both generals intending to restore the emperor's authority. When Shi Jian heard about their plan, he supported them wholeheartedly. Sun Fudu and Liu Zhu waited for Li Nong and Shi Min in the capital to ambush them, but they too were defeated. Shi Jian became fearful and turned on Sun Fudu. Much like the conspirators before, Shi Min and Li Nong killed Sun Fudu and his men.[11]
In 350, Shi Min renamed the state of Zhao to Wei (衛) and changed the name of the Shi clan to Li, intending to eradicate the clan through a prophecy. This caused panic among the Shi and their ministers, who all fled to the Prince of Xinxing, Shi Zhi in Xiangguo (襄國, in modern Xingtai, Hebei). Most of Zhao's administrators such as Pu Hong and Yao Yizhong refused to submit to Shi Min and either broke away from the regime or joined forces with Shi Zhi. Finally, Shi Jian made one last attempt at killing Shi Min and Li Nong. He sent a eunuch to General Zhang Chen (張沈) to organize an attack on Yecheng but instead, the eunuch betrayed Shi Jian and revealed the plan, causing Shi Min and Li Nong to rush back to the capital. Shi Jian was executed and the remaining members of the Shi clan in the city were eradicated.[12]
Ran Wei and death
editAfter Shi Jian's death, the minister Shen Zhong urged Shi Min to claim the title of emperor. Shi Min refused, declaring himself a subject of Jin and instead offered the throne to Li Nong, but he too declined. Thus, in the end, Shi Min took the throne and established his state of Wei (魏). Shi Min also changed his family name back to Ran, and appointed Li Nong as Grand Governor and Prince of Qi. His sons were also made dukes.[13]
Li Nong would not hold his new titles for long, as he and his three sons were executed as a part of a government purge by Ran Min. The exact reasons for his death were unknown.[14]
References
edit- ^ 4th month of the 6th year of the Yong'he era, per vol.98 of Zizhi Tongjian. The month corresponds to 23 May to 20 Jun 350 in the Julian calendar.
- ^ (使司空李農旦夕問起居，太子、諸公五日一朝。) Zizhi Tongjian, volume 95.
- ^ (九月，石季龍將夔安、李農陷沔南，張貉陷邾城，因寇江夏、義陽，征虜將軍毛寶、西陽太守樊俊、義陽太守鄭進並死之。夔安等進圍石城，竟陵太守李陽距戰，破之，斬首五千餘級。安乃退，遂略漢東，擁七千餘家遷于幽冀。) Book of Jin, volume 7.
- ^ (虎以撫軍將軍李農為使持節、監遼西、北平諸軍事、征東將軍、營州牧，鎮令支。農帥眾三萬與征北大將軍張舉攻燕凡城。) Zizhi Tongjian, volume 96.
- ^ (乃夜入韜第而殺之。虎將出臨韜喪，其司空李農諫，乃止。) Book of Northern Wei, volume 95.
- ^ (季龍末，梁犢敗李農于滎陽，季龍大懼，馳召弋仲。) Book of Jin, volume 116.
- ^ (豺與太尉張舉謀誅司空李農，舉素與農善，密告之；農奔廣宗，帥乞活數萬家保上白。劉氏使張舉統宿衛諸軍圍之。豺以張離爲鎮軍大將軍，監中外諸軍事，以爲己副。) Zizhi Tongjian, volume 98.
- ^ (遵馳遣王擢以書喻沖，沖弗聽。遵假石閔黃鉞、金鉦，與李農等率精卒十萬討之。戰于平棘，沖師大敗，獲沖於元氏，賜死，坑其士卒三萬餘人。) Book of Jin, volume 107.
- ^ (褚裒遣部將王龕、李邁及石遵將李農戰于代陂，王師敗績，王龕爲農所執，李邁死之。八月，褚裒退屯廣陵，西中郎將陳逵焚壽春而遁。) Book of Jin, volume 8.
- ^ (十一月，石閔劫司空李農及右衛王基，密謀其廢遵。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, volume 2.
- ^ (龍驤將軍孫伏都、劉銖等結羯士三千人，伏於胡天，亦欲誅閔等。時鑒在中臺，伏都帥三十餘人，將升臺挾鑒以攻之。鑒見而問其故，伏都曰：「閔、農等反，已在東掖門，臣嚴衛士，謹先啟知。」鑒曰：「卿好陳力，勿憂無報也。」伏都等攻閔，不尅。閔、農攻斬伏都等，自鳳陽門至琨華，橫尸相枕。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, volume 2.
- ^ (閔與李農率騎三萬討張賀度于石瀆，鑒密遣宦者齎書召張沈等，使承虛襲鄴。宦者以告閔、農，閔、農馳還，廢鑒殺之，誅季龍孫三十八人，盡殪石氏。鑒在位一百三日。) Book of Jin, volume 107.
- ^ (閔復姓冉氏。追尊祖隆元皇帝，考瞻烈祖高皇帝。尊母王氏為太后，妻董氏為皇后，子智為皇太子。以司馬李農為太宰，諸子皆封為縣公。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, volume 2.
- ^ (石祗聞鑒死，僭稱尊號于襄國，諸六夷據州郡擁兵者皆應之。閔遣使臨江告晉曰：「胡逆亂中原，今已誅之。若能共討者，可遣軍來也。」朝廷不答。閔誅李農及其三子，並尚書令王謨、侍中王衍、中常侍嚴震、趙升等。) Book of Jin, volume 107.
- Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian