Lake Shikotsu (支笏湖, Shikotsu-ko) is a caldera lake in Chitose, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is a part of the Shikotsu-Toya National Park.
| Lake Shikotsu 支笏湖 | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Lake Shikotsu 支笏湖 | |
| Coordinates | 42°48′N 141°21′E / 42.800°N 141.350°E |
| Type | crater lake |
| Primary inflows | Bifue, Okotanpe, Ninaru, Furenai |
| Primary outflows | Chitose |
| Catchment area | 223 km2 (86 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | Japan |
| Surface area | 78.4 km2 (30.3 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 265.4 metres (870.7 ft) |
| Max. depth | 363 metres (1,191 ft) |
| Water volume | 20.81 km3 (4.99 cu mi) |
| Shore length1 | 40.4 kilometres (25.1 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 247 metres (810 ft) |
| Islands | 0 |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
Geography
edit
Mount Eniwa (top left)
Mount Tarumae (bottom right)
Lake Shikotsu is located in the south-west part of Hokkaidō. It has an average depth of 265 metres (869 ft) and a maximum depth of 363 metres (1,191 ft), making it the second deepest lake in Japan, after Lake Tazawa. It is the 8th-largest lake by surface area in Japan and the second largest of Japan's caldera lakes, surpassed only by Lake Kussharo. It is surrounded by five volcanoes: Mount Eniwa and Mount Izari to the north and Mount Fuppushi, Mount Tarumae, and Kitayama to the south. The caldera formed in the holocene when the land between the volcanoes subsided.
Due to its depth, the volume of Lake Shikotsu reaches 3/4 of the volume of Lake Biwa, Japan's largest lake, despite having only 1/9 of that lake's surface area. Due to the small surface area to depth ratio, the water temperature remains quite constant throughout the year, making it the northernmost ice-free lake in Japan. The Bifue, Okotanpe, Ninaru and Furenai rivers feed into it, and its main outlet is the Chitose River.
Climate
edit| Climate data for Lake Shikotsu (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1977−present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.8 (56.8) |
22.9 (73.2) |
29.7 (85.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.9 (89.4) |
29.1 (84.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
12.5 (54.5) |
31.9 (89.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
2.4 (36.3) |
8.7 (47.7) |
15.2 (59.4) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
14.2 (57.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
0.4 (32.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
4.4 (39.9) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
6.9 (44.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.9 (17.8) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
3.5 (38.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.9 (3.4) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
−15.8 (3.6) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
2.1 (35.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
8.7 (47.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−10.5 (13.1) |
−15.4 (4.3) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 89.4 (3.52) |
72.2 (2.84) |
93.8 (3.69) |
103.0 (4.06) |
143.9 (5.67) |
138.0 (5.43) |
163.8 (6.45) |
216.9 (8.54) |
262.0 (10.31) |
193.8 (7.63) |
137.4 (5.41) |
97.3 (3.83) |
1,711.3 (67.37) |
| Average rainy days | 10.4 | 10.4 | 12.2 | 10.4 | 10.7 | 9.7 | 10.8 | 12.3 | 13.4 | 12.2 | 12.0 | 10.5 | 135 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 117.9 | 116.6 | 148.5 | 179.3 | 185.3 | 149.0 | 123.3 | 132.0 | 148.6 | 152.3 | 112.1 | 103.6 | 1,668.6 |
| Source 1: JMA[1] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: JMA[2] | |||||||||||||
Geology
editThe caldera on which Lake Shikotsu sits was formed 40 to 50 thousand years ago.[3] According to the Global Volcanism Program, the caldera was formed 31 to 34 thousand years ago by one of Hokkaidō's largest quaternary eruptions.[4] The caldera consists mainly of dacite, rhyolite, and andesite. The volcanoes Mount Eniwa, Mount Fuppushi, Mount Izari, Kitayama, and Mount Tarumae formed on the rim of this caldera.[3]
Origin of the name
editThe name of Lake Shikotsu derives from the Ainu language shikot, meaning big depression or hollow. To the Japanese, this sounded too much like dead bones (死骨, shikotsu), so they attempted to rename it engi, but this name did not stick.[5]
Use
editThe red salmon (locally called "chippu"), introduced from Lake Akan in 1895, has become a noted product of the area and chippu fishing is now a favourite pastime in summer. A visitor centre, various campgrounds and Onsen provide facilities for tourists coming to the area.
Chitose is famous for its “Indian Fish Wheel”, a device situated in the Chitose River to collect salmon returning to spawn at Lake Shikotsu.
Transport
editNational Highway 276 runs along the southern bank, connecting the lake with Tomakomai and Date. Highway 453 runs from the eastern and northern parts of the lake to Sapporo.
City bus routes from Chitose lead to the lake. Hokkaido Chuo Bus connect Shikotsu-ko with Chitose Station and New Chitose Airport. In the summer, there is also a bus from Sapporo Terminal. The former bus service between the lake and Tomakomai has been discontinued.
Gallery
edit-
Lake Shikotsu with Mount Tarumae in the background. -
Lake Shikotsu in July 1997. -
Lake Shikotsu -
Several scenes from around and on the lake, 2016
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. JMA. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
- ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. JMA. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
- ^ a b "SHIKOTSU Caldera". Quaternary Volcanoes in Japan. Geological Survey of Japan, AIST. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Shikotsu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
- ^ Akagi Sanpei (赤木 三兵), Journey of Hokkaidō Place Names—Notes on Ainu Language Place Names (北海道 地名の旅—アイヌ語地名解, Hokkaidō Chimei no Tabi — Ainugo Chimei Kai), page 60
External links
edit
- World Lakes Database: Shikotsu-ko
- Volcano World: Shikotsu
- Shikotsu-ko Visitor Centre (in Japanese)
- Shikotsu-ko Onsen-Ryokan Association (in Japanese)
- Shikotsu Caldera - Geological Survey of Japan