The Kyoto Shoshidai (京都所司代, Kyōto Shoshidai) was an important administrative and political office in the Tokugawa shogunate.[1] The office was the personal representative of the military dictators Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi in Kyoto, the seat of the Japanese Emperor, and was adopted by the Tokugawa shōguns.[2] The significance and effectiveness of the office is credited to the third Tokugawa shōgun, Tokugawa Iemitsu, who developed these initial creations as bureaucratic elements in a consistent and coherent whole.[3]
The office was similar to the Rokuhara Tandai of the 13th- and 14th-century Kamakura shogunate. Tandai was the name given to governors or chief magistrates of important cities under the Kamakura shogunate. The office became very important under the Hōjō regents and was always held by a trusted member of the family.[4]
Description
editThe office was expanded and its duties codified as an office in the Tokugawa shogunate. The shoshidai, usually chosen from among the fudai daimyōs, was the shōgun's deputy in the Kyoto region, and was responsible for maintaining good relations and open communication between the shogunate and the imperial court.[5] The shoshidai also controlled the access of the daimyōs to the Court. He was responsible for overseeing the Imperial court's finances, for ensuring the emperor's personal security, and for guarding the safety of the court.[6] For example, the shoshidai supported the Kyoto magistrate or municipal administrator (the machi-bugyō) in making positive policy about firefighting for the royal palaces.[7] In this context, the shoshidai collaborated with the administrator of the reigning sovereign's court (the kinri-zuki bugyō)[8] and the administrator of the ex-emperor's court (the sendō-zuki bugyō), both of whom were shogunate appointees.[9] The shoshidai also headed a network of spies tasked with discovering and reporting any covert sources of sedition, insurrection or other kinds of unrest.[10]
As Governor-general of Kyoto and the surrounding eight provinces,[9] the shoshidai was responsible for collecting taxes and for other duties within this region.[11] The municipal administrators of Nara and Fushimi, in addition to Kyoto's municipal governance, the Kyoto deputy (the daikan), and the officials of the Nijō Castle were all subordinate to the shoshidai. He was empowered to hear suits-at-law and he had oversight control of all temples and shrines.[6] The shoshidai had a force of constables (yoriki) and policemen (dōshin)[12] under their command.[11]
In addition to administrative duties, the shoshidai's participation in ceremonial events helped to consolidate the power and influence of the shogunate. For example, in September 1617, a Korean delegation was received by Tokugawa Hidetada at Fushimi Castle, and the shoshidai was summoned for two reasons (1) for the Koreans, to underscore the importance accorded the embassy, and (2) for the kuge courtiers in attendance, to make sure that they were properly impressed.[13]
It was eventually established that service as governor of Osaka (the judai) was a prerequisite for appointment as shoshidai. A close, personal link with the shōgun was maintained through visits to Edo every five or six years to report directly to the shōgun.[6] The conventional route of promotion was from governor of Osaka to shoshidai of Kyoto and then to rōjū (member of the Shogunate's governing council).[11] The shoshidai earned 10,000 koku annually, in addition to the income from his own domain.[4]
Abolition
editIn September 1862, a concurrent, nearly co-equal office was created, the "Kyoto shugoshoku", in an attempt to strengthen the kōbu-gattai (公武合体, [unity (合体) of the Imperial (court, 公) and Tokugawa (martial, 武) families] Error: {{nihongo}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 8) (help)) faction. The kōbu-gattai were feudal lords and Court nobles who sought a greater share of political power without actually destroying the shogunate, in opposition to a more radical faction, the tōbaku (倒幕, overthrowing the shogunate), which attracted men like Ōkubo Toshimichi. The related office of the shugoshoku had essentially the same functions as that of the shoshidai, but it was considered the senior of the two; and only members of the Matsudaira family were appointed.[5]
The last Kyoto shoshidai, Matsudaira Sadaaki, came from a collateral Tokugawa branch. As a practical matter, it could be said that this office ended with his resignation in 1867; but matters were not so unclouded in that time. After the Imperial edict sanctioning the restoration of Imperial government (November 1867), there was a time lag before the office of shoshidai was abolished (January 1868) and affairs of the city were temporarily entrusted to the clans of Sasayama (Aoyama), Zeze (Honda) and Kameyama (Matsudaira).[14]
List of Kyoto shoshidai
edit| Ordinal | Name | Dates | Shogun | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Okudaira Nobumasa | 1600–1601 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | |
| 2 | Itakura Katsushige | 1601–1619 | Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Hidetada |
|
| 3 | Itakura Shigemune | 1619-1654 | Tokugawa Hidetada Tokugawa Iemitsu Tokugawa Ietsuna |
Son of Itakura Katsushige |
| 4 | Makino Chikashige | 1654–1668 | Tokugawa Ietsuna | Daimyo of Sekiyado |
| 5 | Itakura Shigenori | 1668–1670 | Tokugawa Ietsuna | Grandson of Itakura Katsushige; Daimyo of Mikawa-Nakajima |
| 6 | Nagai Naotsune | 1670–1678 | Tokugawa Ietsuna | |
| 7 | Toda Tadamasa | 1678–1681 | Tokugawa Ietsuna Tokugawa Tsunayoshi |
|
| 8 | Inaba Masamichi | 1681–1685 | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi | Daimyo of Odawara |
| 9 | Tsuchiya Masanao | 1685–1687 | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi | |
| 10 | Naitō Shigeyori | 1687–1690 | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi | |
| 11 | Matsudaira Nobuoki | 1690–1691 | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi | |
| 12 | Ogasawara Nagashige | 1691–1697 | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi | Daimyo of Yoshida |
| 13 | Matsudaira Nobutsune | 1697–1714 | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi Tokugawa Ienobu Tokugawa Ietsugu |
|
| 14 | Mizuno Tadayuki | 1714–1717 | Tokugawa Ietsugu Tokugawa Yoshimune |
Daimyo of Okazaki |
| 15 | Matsudaira Tadachika | 1717–1724 | Tokugawa Yoshimune | Daimyo of Ueda |
| 16 | Makino Hideshige | 1724–1734 | Tokugawa Yoshimune | Daimyo of Tanabe |
| 17 | Toki Yoritoshi | 1734–1742 | Tokugawa Yoshimune | |
| 18 | Makino Sadamichi | 1742–1749 | Tokugawa Yoshimune Tokugawa Ieshige |
Daimyo of Kasama |
| 19 | Matsudaira Sukekuni | 1749–1752 | Tokugawa Ieshige | Daimyo of Hamamatsu |
| 20 | Sakai Tadamochi | 1752–1756 | Tokugawa Ieshige | Daimyo of Obama |
| 21 | Matsudaira Terutaka | 1756–1758 | Tokugawa Ieshige | Daimyo of Takasaki |
| 22 | Inoue Masatsune | 1758–1760 | Tokugawa Ieshige | Daimyo of Hamamatsu |
| 23 | Abe Masasuke | 1760–1764 | Tokugawa Ieharu | Daimyo of Fukuyama |
| 24 | Abe Masachika | 1764–1768 | Tokugawa Ieharu | Daimyo of Oshi |
| 25 | Doi Toshisato | 1769–1777 | Tokugawa Ieharu | Daimyo of Koga |
| 26 | Kuze Hiroakira | 1777–1781 | Tokugawa Ieharu | Daimyo of Sekiyado |
| 27 | Makino Sadanaga | 1781–1784 | Tokugawa Ieharu | Son of Makino Sadamichi; Daimyo of Kasama |
| 28 | Toda Tadatō | 1784–1789 | Tokugawa Ieharu Tokugawa Ienari |
Daimyo of Utsunomiya |
| 29 | Ōta Sukeyoshi | 1789-1782 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Kakegawa |
| 30 | Hotta Masanari | 1792–1798 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Sakura |
| 31 | Makino Tadakiyo | 1798–1801 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Nagaoka |
| 32 | Doi Toshiatsu | 1801–1802 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Koga |
| 33 | Aoyama Tadayasu | 1802–1804 | Tokugawa Ienari | Son-in-law of Doi Toshisato; Daimyo of Sasayama |
| 34 | Inaba Masanobu | 1804–1806 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Yodo |
| 35 | Abe Masayoshi | 1806–1808 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Oshi |
| 36 | Sakai Tadayuki | 1808–1815 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Obama |
| 37 | Ōkubo Tadazane | 1815–1818 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Odawara |
| 38 | Matsudaira Norihiro | 1818–1823 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Nishio |
| 39 | Naitō Nobuatsu | 1823–1825 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Murakami |
| 40 | Matsudaira Yasutō | 1825–1826 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Hamada |
| 41 | Mizuno Tadakuni | 1826–1828 | Tokugawa Ienari | Son-in-law of Sakai Tadayuki; Daimyo of Hamamatsu; later instituted the Tenpō Reforms |
| 42 | Matsudaira Muneakira | 1828–1832 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Miyazu |
| 43 | Ōta Sukemoto | 1832–1834 | Tokugawa Ienari | Daimyo of Kakegawa |
| 44 | Matsudaira Nobuyori | 1834–1837 | Tokugawa Ienari | Son-in-law of Makino Tadakiyo; Daimyo of Yoshida |
| 45 | Doi Toshitsura | 1837–1838 | Tokugawa Ieyoshi | Adoptive of son of Doi Toshiatsu; Daimyo of Koga |
| 46 | Manabe Akikatsu | 1838–1840 | Tokugawa Ieyoshi | Daimyo of Sabae |
| 47 | Makino Tadamasa | 1840–1843 | Tokugawa Ieyoshi | Son of Makino Tadakiyo; Daimyo of Nagaoka |
| 48 | Sakai Tadaaki | 1843–1850 | Tokugawa Ieyoshi | First tenure; son of Sakai Tadayuki; Daimyo of Obama |
| 49 | Naitō Nobuchika | 1850–1851 | Tokugawa Ieyoshi | Son of Naitō Nobuatsu; Daimyo of Murakami |
| 50 | Wakisaka Yasuori | 1851–1857 | Tokugawa Ieyoshi Tokugawa Iesada |
Daimyo of Tatsuno |
| 51 | Honda Tadamoto | 1857–1858 | Tokugawa Iesada | Daimyo of Okazaki |
| 52 | Sakai Tadaaki | 1858–1862 | Tokugawa Iemochi | Second tenure |
| 53 | Matsudaira Munehide | 1862 | Tokugawa Iemochi | Adoptive son of Matsudaira Muneakira; Daimyō of Miyazu |
| 54 | Makino Tadayuki | 1862–1863 | Tokugawa Iemochi | Son of Matsudaira Norihiro and son-in-law of Makino Tadamasa; Daimyō of Nagaoka. |
| 55 | Inaba Masakuni | 1863–1864 | Tokugawa Iemochi | Daimyo of Yodo |
| 56 | Matsudaira Sadaaki | 1864–1867 | Tokugawa Iemochi Tokugawa Yoshinobu |
Last shoshidai; Daimyo of Kuwana; brother of Matsudaira Katamori. |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Ito, Shinsho. "Hideyoshi's Inauguration to Kampaku and the Foundation of Shoshidai," Journal of Japanese history (日本史研究). Vol.419(19970000) pp. 1-19.
- ^ Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric. (2005). "Kyōto-shosidai" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 587, p. 587, at Google Books.
- ^ Brinkley, Frank. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era, p. 632.
- ^ a b Murdoch, James. (1996). A History of Japan, p. 10 n1.
- ^ a b Beasley, W. G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868, p. 325.
- ^ a b c Brinkley, p. 636.
- ^ Maruyama, Toshiaki. "The Fire Fighting for the Royal Palace by Kyoto Shoshidai and Machi-bugyō-shō: A study on the fire fighting in Kyoto under Tokugawa era (No.3) (京都所司代・京都町奉行所と御所の消防 : 江戸時代の京都の消防の研究(その3). Journal of Architecture and Planning, Architectural Institute of Japan (日本建築学会計画系論文集). No.591(20050530), pp. 149-153. Abstract.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Kinri-zuki" at p. 525., p. 525, at Google Books
- ^ a b Brinkley, p. 589.
- ^ Murdoch, James. (1915). A History of Japan, p. 134.
- ^ a b c Brinkley, p. 637.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Dōshin" at p. 160., p. 160, at Google Books
- ^ Toby, Ronald. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, p. 69.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794–1869, pp. 326–327.
References
edit- Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01655-0; OCLC 185685588
- Beasley, W. G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868. London: Oxford University Press. Reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-713508-2
- Brinkley, Frank and Baron Kikuchi. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Murdoch, James and Isoh Yamagata. (1903–1926). London: Kegan Paul, Trubner. OCLC 502662122
- Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 182637732
- Toby, Ronald P. (1984). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054018; OCLC 9557347