Konstantinos Kanaris

Konstantinos Kanaris
Konstantinos Kanaris
Κωνσταντίνος Κανάρης
	Konstantinos Kanaris, Prime Minister of Greece.
; Prime Minister of Greece
	In office; 12 February 1844 – 30 March 1844 (o.s.)
Monarch	Otto
Preceded by	Andreas Metaxas
Succeeded by	Alexandros Mavrokordatos
	In office; 27 October 1848 – 14 December 1849 (o.s)
Preceded by	Georgios Kountouriotis
Succeeded by	Antonios Kriezis
	In office; 5 March 1864 – 16 April 1864 (o.s)
Monarch	George I
Preceded by	Dimitrios Voulgaris
Succeeded by	Zinovios Valvis
	In office; 26 July 1864 – 2 March 1865 (o.s)
Preceded by	Zinovios Valvis
Succeeded by	Alexandros Koumoundouros
	In office; 26 May 1877 – 2 September 1877 (o.s)
Preceded by	Alexandros Koumoundouros
Succeeded by	Alexandros Koumoundouros
Personal details
Born	c. 1790; Psara, Eyalet of the Archipelago, Ottoman Empire (now Greece)
Died	2 September 1877 (aged 87); Athens, Kingdom of Greece
Resting place	First Cemetery of Athens
Political party	Russian Party
Spouse	Despina Maniati
Children	Nikolaos Kanaris ; Miltiadis Kanaris ; Themistoklis Kanaris ; Aristeidis Kanaris ; Lykourgos Kanaris ; Maria Kanari ; Thrasyvoulos Kanaris
Awards	Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer ; Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order ; Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	First Hellenic Republic ; Kingdom of Greece
Branch/service	Hellenic Navy
Years of service	1821–1844
Rank	Admiral
Battles/wars	Greek War of Independence Burning of the Ottoman Flagship; Destruction of Psara; Battle of Samos; Raid on Alexandria; ;

Konstantinos Kanaris (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Κανάρης, Konstantínos Kanáris; c. 1790^[1] – 2 September 1877^[2]), also anglicised as Constantine Kanaris or Canaris,^[3] was a Greek statesman, admiral, and a hero of the Greek War of Independence.^[4]

Biography

Early life

Konstantinos Kanaris was born and grew up on the island of Psara, close to the island of Chios, in the Aegean. The exact year of his birth is unknown. Official records of the Hellenic Navy indicate 1795, however, modern Greek historians consider 1790 or 1793 to be more probable.^[1]

He was left an orphan at a young age. Having to support himself, he chose to become a seaman like most members of his family since the beginning of the 18th century. He was subsequently hired as a boy on the brig of his uncle Dimitris Bourekas.

Military career

Konstantinos Kanaris during the Greek War of Independence. Lithography by Karl Krazeisen, 1831.

Kanaris gained his fame during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829). Unlike most other prominent figures of the War, he had never been initiated into the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends), which played a significant role in the uprising against the Ottoman Empire, primarily by secret recruitment of supporters against the Turkish rule.^[1]

By early 1821, the movement had gained enough support to launch a revolution. This seems to have inspired Kanaris, who was in Odessa at the time. He returned to the island of Psara in haste and was present when it joined the uprising on 10 April 1821.^[1]

The island formed its own fleet and the famed seamen of Psara, already known for their well-equipped ships and successful battles against sea pirates, proved to be highly effective in naval warfare. Kanaris soon distinguished himself as a fire ship captain.^[5]

The burning of the Turkish flagship by Kanaris. Painting by Nikiforos Lytras, 1873.

At Chios, on the moonless night of 6–7 June 1822, forces under his command destroyed the flagship of Nasuhzade Ali Pasha, Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral) of the Ottoman fleet, in revenge for the Chios massacre. The admiral was holding a Bayram celebration, allowing Kanaris and his men to position their fire ship without being noticed. When the flagship's powder store caught fire, all men aboard were instantly killed. The Turkish casualties comprised 2,300 men, both naval officers and common sailors, as well as Nasuhzade Ali Pasha himself.^[1]

Kanaris led another successful attack against the Ottoman fleet at Tenedos in November 1822. He was famously said to have encouraged himself by murmuring "Konstantí, you are going to die" every time he was approaching a Turkish warship on the fire boat he was about to detonate.^[6]^[7]

After the destruction of Psara. Painting by Nikolaos Gyzis, 1898.

The Ottoman fleet captured Psara on 21 June 1824. A part of the population, including Kanaris, managed to flee the island, but those who didn't were either sold into slavery or slaughtered. After the destruction of his home island, he continued to lead attacks against Turkish forces. In August 1824, he engaged in naval combats in the Dodecanese.^[1]

The following year, Kanaris led the Greek raid on Alexandria, a daring attempt to destroy the Egyptian fleet with fire ships that might have been successful if the wind had not failed just after the Greek ships entered Alexandria harbour.^[8]

After the end of the War and the independence of Greece, Kanaris became an officer of the new Hellenic Navy, reaching the rank of admiral, and a prominent politician.

Political career

Konstantinos Kanaris was one of the few with the personal confidence of Ioannis Kapodistrias, the first Head of State of independent Greece. After the assassination of Kapodistrias on 9 October 1831, he retired to the island of Syros.^[9]

During the reign of King Otto I, Kanaris served as Minister in various governments and then as Prime Minister in the provisional government (16 February – 30 March 1844). He served a second term (15 October 1848 – 12 December 1849), and as Navy Minister in the 1854 cabinet of Alexandros Mavrokordatos.

Monument to Konstantinos Kanaris in Kypseli, Athens. Sculpture by Lazaros Fytalis.

In 1862, he was among the rare War of Independence veterans who took part in the bloodless insurrection that deposed the increasingly unpopular King Otto I and led to the election of Prince William of Denmark as King George I of Greece. During his reign, Kanaris served as a Prime Minister for a third term (6 March – 16 April 1864), fourth term (26 July 1864 – 26 February 1865), and fifth and last term (7 June – 2 September 1877).^[1]

Grave of Konstantinos and Despoina Kanaris in the First Cemetery of Athens.

Kanaris died on 2 September 1877 whilst still serving in office as Prime Minister. Following his death his government remained in power until 14 September 1877 without agreeing on a replacement at its head. He was buried in the First Cemetery of Athens and his heart was placed in a silver urn.

Silver urn containing the heart of Konstantinos Kanaris at the National Historical Museum, Athens.

Legacy

Konstantinos Kanaris is considered a national hero in Greece and ranks amongst the most notable participants of the War of Independence. Many statues and busts have been erected in his honour, such as Kanaris at Chios by Benedetto Civiletti in Palermo, a statue by Lazaros Fytalis in Athens, and a bust by David d'Angers. He was also featured on a Greek ₯1 coin and a ₯100 banknote issued by the Bank of Greece.

Greek ₯1 coin featuring the portrait of Konstantinos Kanaris.

To honour Kanaris, the following ships of the Hellenic Navy have been named after him:^[10]

Kanaris, a gunboat commissioned in 1835
Kanaris, a torpedo boat tender commissioned in 1880
Kanaris (L53), a Hunt-class destroyer commissioned in 1942
Kanaris (D212), a Gearing-class destroyer commissioned in 1972
Kanaris (F464), an Elli-class frigate commissioned in 2002

Elli-class frigate Kanaris (F464) of the Hellenic Navy.

Te Korowhakaunu / Kanáris Sound, a section of Taiari / Chalky Inlet in New Zealand's Fiordland National Park, was named after Konstantinos Kanaris by French navigator and explorer Jules de Blosseville (1802–1833).^[11]

Family

In 1817, Konstantinos Kanaris married Despoina Maniatis, from a historical family of Psara.

They had seven children:

Nikolaos Kanaris (1818–1848), killed during a military expedition in Beirut
Themistoklis Kanaris (1819–1851), killed during a military expedition in Egypt
Thrasyvoulos Kanaris (1820–1898), admiral
Miltiadis Kanaris (1822–1901), admiral, member of the Greek Parliament for many years, Naval Minister three times in 1864, 1871, and 1878
Lykourgos Kanaris (1826–1865), naval officer and lawyer
Maria Kanaris (1828–1847), married A. Balabano
Aristeidis Kanaris (1831–1863), officer killed in the uprising of 1863

Wilhelm Canaris, a German Admiral, speculated that he might be a descendant of Konstantinos Kanaris. An official genealogical family history that was researched in 1938 showed however, that he was of Italian descent and not related to the Kanaris family from Greece.^[12]

Honours

Greek honours

Order of the Redeemer (Kingdom of Greece): Grand Cross, 1864

Foreign honours

Royal Guelphic Order (Kingdom of Hanover): Grand Cross
Order of the Dannebrog (Kingdom of Denmark): Grand Cross

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Αργολικη Αρχειακη Βιβλιοθηκη Ιστοριασ και Πολιτισμου (Argolis' File-Library of History and Civilisation).
^ Note: Greece officially adopted the Gregorian calendar on 16 February 1923 (which became 1 March). All dates prior to that, unless specifically denoted, are Old Style.
^ Note: Κανάρης has often been romanized as Canaris instead of Kanaris in Western literature before the 20th century. This has since been avoided, following the emergence of a German Canaris family (including Admiral Wilhelm Canaris among its members) with no ties to the Greek Κανάρης family.
^ Woodhouse, p. 129.
^ Woodhouse, p. 138.
^ "June 6, 1822: Revenge of the Chios Massacre". Greek City Times. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
^ "Constantine Kanaris – The Avenger of Chios". Chios Radio. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
^ Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011, p. 244.
^ Woodhouse, p. 152.
^ History of HS Kanaris (F-464), including a list of the five ships of the Hellenic Navy named after Konstantinos Kanaris.
^ "Proposal considered by the Board on 20 April 2021 for: Te Korowhakaunu / Canaris Sound, or Te Korowhakaunu / Kanaris Sound, or Te Korowhakaunu / Kanáris Sound" (PDF). Land Information New Zealand. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
^ Bassett, Richard (2005). Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Mystery. Cassell. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-304-36718-4. His name was of Italian origin, as was later shown in an elaborate family tree.

Works cited

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kanaris, Constantine". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Anderson, R. C. (1952). Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 1015099422.
Finlay, George (1861). History of the Greek Revolution, Vol. I. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons.
Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1982). Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος ΣΤ′: Η Μεγάλη Ελληνική Επανάσταση (1821–1829) – Η εσωτερική κρίση (1822–1825) [History of modern Hellenism, Volume VI: The Great Greek Revolution (1821–1829) – Internal Crisis (1822–1825)] (in Greek). Thessaloniki.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Woodhouse, Christopher M. (1968). The Story of Modern Greece. London: Faber and Faber.

External links

Political offices
Preceded by Andreas Metaxas	Prime Minister of Greece 12 February - 30 March 1844	Succeeded by Alexandros Mavrokordatos
Preceded by Georgios Kountouriotis	Prime Minister of Greece 27 October 1848 - 14 December 1849	Succeeded by Antonios Kriezis
Preceded by Dimitrios Voulgaris	Prime Minister of Greece 5 March - 16 April 1864	Succeeded by Zinovios Valvis
Preceded by Zinovios Valvis	Prime Minister of Greece 26 July 1864 - 2 March 1865	Succeeded by Alexandros Koumoundouros
Preceded by Alexandros Koumoundouros	Prime Minister of Greece 26 May 1877 - 11 January 1878	Succeeded by Alexandros Koumoundouros

[Argolis'_File-Library_of_History_and_Civilisation-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Αργολικη Αρχειακη Βιβλιοθηκη Ιστοριασ και Πολιτισμου (Argolis' File-Library of History and Civilisation).

[2] Note: Greece officially adopted the Gregorian calendar on 16 February 1923 (which became 1 March). All dates prior to that, unless specifically denoted, are Old Style.

[3] Note: Κανάρης has often been romanized as Canaris instead of Kanaris in Western literature before the 20th century. This has since been avoided, following the emergence of a German Canaris family (including Admiral Wilhelm Canaris among its members) with no ties to the Greek Κανάρης family.

[Woodhouse129-4] Woodhouse, p. 129.

[Woodhouse138-5] Woodhouse, p. 138.

[6] "June 6, 1822: Revenge of the Chios Massacre". Greek City Times. Retrieved 24 August 2020.

[7] "Constantine Kanaris – The Avenger of Chios". Chios Radio. Retrieved 24 August 2020.

[8] Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011, p. 244.

[Woodhouse152-9] Woodhouse, p. 152.

[10] History of HS Kanaris (F-464), including a list of the five ships of the Hellenic Navy named after Konstantinos Kanaris.

[11] "Proposal considered by the Board on 20 April 2021 for: Te Korowhakaunu / Canaris Sound, or Te Korowhakaunu / Kanaris Sound, or Te Korowhakaunu / Kanáris Sound" (PDF). Land Information New Zealand. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.

[12] Bassett, Richard (2005). Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Mystery. Cassell. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-304-36718-4. His name was of Italian origin, as was later shown in an elaborate family tree.

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