The Kalhora dynasty (Persian: خاندان کلهوره عباسيه) was a Sindhi Muslim Kalhora tribe dynasty based in the region of Sindh, present day Pakistan. The dynasty governed much of Sindh and parts of Kutch (present-day Gujarat, India) between 1701 and 1783 from their capital of Khudabad, before shifting to Hyderabad from 1768 onwards.[2] They were assigned to hold authority by the Mughal Grand Vizier Mirza Ghazi Beg.[citation needed]
Kalhora dynasty دودمان کلهوره | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1701–1783 | |||||||||
| Capital | Khudabad (1710–1768) Haiderabad (1768–1783) | ||||||||
| Official languages | Persian[1] | ||||||||
| Government | Nobility | ||||||||
| Amir and nawab | |||||||||
• 1701-1719 | Mian Yar Muhammad Khan Kalhoro | ||||||||
• 1775-1782 | Mian Abdul Nabi Kalhoro | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1701 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1783 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Kalhora governance of Sindh began around the start of the 18th century when Yar Muhammad Kalhoro was invested with title of Khuda Yar Khan and was made subedar of Upper Sindh by royal decree of the Mughals. Later, after his death, his son was additionally appointed subedar of Sehwan and thus oversaw most of Sindh.[3]
The Kalhora dynasty succumbed during the invasion of Nadir Shah. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro reorganised and consolidated his power, but his son lost control of Sindh and was overthrown by Talpurs amirs. Abdul Nabi Kalhoro was the last Kalhora ruler.[3]
Rulers
edit| Personal Name | Reign | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| From | Until | ||
| Yar Muhammad Kalhoro | 1700 | 1720 | Younger son of Nasir Kalhora |
| Noor Mohammad Kalhoro | 1720 | 1756 | Son of Yaar Muhammad. Sultan and Sufi Saint of Kalhoro Dynasty. Kalhora Dynasty Declared as an Independent State by Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in 1736. |
| Muhammad Muradyab Kalhoro | 1756 | 1758 | Son of Noor Muhammad. |
| Ghulam Shah Kalhoro | 1758 | 1772 | Son of Noor Muhammad. |
| Sarfaraz Kalhoro | 1772 | 1775 | Son of Ghulam Shah. |
| Abdul Nabi Kalhoro | 1775 | 1782 | Son of Sarfaraz Kalhoro. |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ M. H. Panhwar, Languages of Sindh, p 7.
- ^ "Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (Stories)". Sindhi Adabi Board.
- ^ a b Sarah F. D. Ansari (31 January 1992). Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-0-521-40530-0.