Johan Willem "Wim" Beyen (2 May 1897 – 29 April 1976) was a Dutch politician and diplomat of Liberal signature and businessman. Beyen played an important role in the creation of the European Economic Community and is regarded as one of the Founding fathers of the European Union.[1]
Johan Beyen | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Johan Beyen in 1955 | |
| Ambassador of the Netherlands to France | |
| In office 1 January 1957 – 1 January 1962 | |
| Preceded by | Unknown |
| Succeeded by | Unknown |
| Ambassador of the Netherlands to Germany | |
| In office 1 January 1957 – 1 January 1958 | |
| Preceded by | Unknown |
| Succeeded by | Unknown |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 2 September 1952 – 13 October 1956 | |
| Prime Minister | Willem Drees |
| Preceded by | Dirk Stikker |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Luns |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Johan Willem Beijen 2 May 1897 Utrecht, Netherlands |
| Died | 29 April 1976 (aged 78) The Hague, Netherlands |
| Political party | Independent Liberal |
| Spouses | Petronella Hijmans van Anrooy
(m. 1922; div. 1945)Margaretha Lubinka (m. 1945) |
| Children | Has Beyen (1923–2002) 1 other son and 1 daughter (first marriage) 1 stepson (second marriage) |
| Alma mater | Utrecht University (Bachelor of Laws, Master of Laws) |
| Occupation | Politician · Diplomat · Civil servant · Economist · Financial adviser · Financial analyst · Businessman · Banker · Corporate director · Nonprofit director · Lobbyist |
Personalia
editThe official surname of Johan Willem (Wim) Beyen was Beijen, but he preferred to write his name as Beyen because he thought that this name was more appropriate for his international connections (the "ij" digraph only occurs in Dutch).
His father, Karel Hendrik Beijen, was a lawyer. He was the company secretary of the Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen, one of the Dutch railroad companies. His mother, Louisa Maria Coenen, stemmed from a family of musicians. He had two brothers. One of them was the archaeologist Hendrik Gerard Beyen.
In 1922, Wim Beyen married Petronella J.G. (Nelly) Hijmans van Anrooij. They had two sons and a daughter. At the end of the 1930s, Beyen had a relationship with the Austrian Margaretha Antonia (Gretel) Lubinka. After World War II his first marriage was dissolved and he married Gretel. This marriage was a very happy one.
Wim Beyen died in 1976.[2]
Education
editWim Beyen grew up in Utrecht and the neighbouring town of Bilthoven. He studied law at Utrecht University. In 1918, he was awarded a doctorate in law.[3]
Successful careers in the public and the private sector
editAfter his study Beyen was engaged as a temporary assistant clerk at the Dutch Ministry of Finance.[3] At that time, he was only 21 years old. Within a few years, he rose to the rank of Deputy Treasurer-General.
After 1924, Beyen had several positions in the business sector: secretary of the board of Philips, head of the Dutch branch of the central bank of the Dutch East Indies, director of one of the predecessors of the AMRO Bank, vice president and from 1937 president of the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, and director of Unilever.[2]
During World War II, he was, in addition to his position at Unilever, a financial advisor to the Dutch government in exile in London. In 1944, he headed the Dutch delegation to the Bretton Woods conference where the foundations were laid for the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.[4] From 1946, he was the Dutch representative in the board of the World Bank and from 1948 also in that of the IMF.[2]
Minister of Foreign Affairs
editIn 1952 Wim Beyen, who did not belong to a political party, was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Second Drees cabinet. He was asked in order to ensure a better balance of powers within the cabinet. It was an odd situation that Joseph Luns, who was a member of the Catholic People's Party, was Minister without portfolio in the same Ministry. One of the jokes about this construction was "The Netherlands is so small, and therefore their foreign countries altogether are so large, that one Minister of Foreign Affairs is not enough."
The relationship between both ministers was not too good, because they had a completely different style of operating and disagreed about several issues. Beyen, for instance, had serious objections to Luns's attitude in the disputes with Indonesia about Netherlands New Guinea.
After the 1956 elections, Beyen's political career came to an end. There was no longer a need for a nonpartisan minister in the cabinet.[2]
Founder of European integration
editWim Beyen played a very important role in the creation of the European Economic Community.
In August 1954 the plans had collapsed to create a European Political Community and a common defence force, the European Defence Community, as a substitute for the national armies of France, Germany, Italy and the three Benelux countries, when France refused to ratify the Treaty.
Beyen realized that European integration in the political field would be impossible in the near future. He was convinced that had to be begun with economic cooperation and developed a plan that called for a European common market, combined with the idea of a political community. He was in favour of horizontal integration instead of continuing with a sector-by-sector integration along the lines of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).[5]
On 4 April 1955 he sent a memorandum to his Benelux colleagues Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium) and Joseph Bech (Luxembourg) in which he proposed his idea of a customs union. In a meeting of the three Foreign Ministers of the Benelux in The Hague on 23 April 1955 they drafted a joint memorandum to present to their colleagues of the ECSC. They finalized the memorandum (the Benelux memorandum) on 18 May 1955 and presented it to the governments of France, Germany and Italy on 20 May 1955. They proposed to discuss in a conference of the six participating countries of the ECSC the way towards a general integration of the European economy.[2]
This conference, the Messina Conference, was held from 1 to 3 June 1955. Beyen headed the Dutch delegation. The final resolution of the conference largely reflected Beyen's point of view. It formed the basis for further work to relaunch European integration and would lead to the Treaties of Rome in 1957 and the formation of the European Economic Community and Euratom in 1958.[3][6]
Decorations
edit| Honours | ||||
| Ribbon bar | Honour | Country | Date | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion | Netherlands | 1927 | |
|
Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau | Netherlands | 21 November 1956 | |
References
edit- ^ "Beijen, Johan Willem (1897-1976)" (in Dutch). Huygens ING. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "BEYEN, Johan Willem" (PDF). www.ru.nl. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ a b c "Johan Willem Beyen: a plan for a common market" (PDF). european-union.europa.eu. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ Wubs, Ben (7 September 2017). "Beyen at Bretton Woods: "Much More Significant Under the Surface…"". In Scott-Smith, G; Rofe, J (eds.). Global Perspectives on the Bretton Woods Conference and the Post-War World Order. The World of the Roosevelts. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 189–206. ISBN 978-3-319-60891-4.
- ^ "The Beyen Plan". CVCE. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
- ^ "Johan Willem Beyen – EU pioneer". european-union.europa.eu. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
External links
edit
- Official
- (in Dutch) Mr. J.W. (Johan) Beyen Parlement & Politiek