Iwahiko Tsumanuma, a.k.a. Thomas S. Rockrise, A.I.A., (1878 – February 5, 1936) was one of the earliest Japanese immigrants to receive an architecture degree at an American university and was among the first Japanese architects to be licensed in the State of New York in 1916. His practice was based in New York City and included work in the United States as well as Asia.[1]
Iwahiko Tsumanuma | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1878 Yamagata, Japan |
| Died | 5 February 1936 (aged 57–58) |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Spouse | Agnes Margaret Asbury (1915–his death) |
| Children | George T. Rockrise |
Early life and education
editTsumanuma was born in Yamagata City, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan, during the Meiji Era.[2]
Tsumanuma immigrated to New York on September 23, 1904, and traveled to Akron, Ohio. Tsumanuma attended the Buchtel Academy, graduating in 1907, and went on to Buchtel College (later known as the University of Akron) and completed one year of the mechanical engineering program.[3]
Tsumanuma applied to and was accepted into the School of Architecture at Syracuse University in 1908. Syracuse was one of the leading architecture schools of the day and firmly rooted in the École des Beaux Arts pedagogy. To fund his education, Tsumanuma purchased and operated a summer boardwalk shop at Sea Isle City, New Jersey called Nippon Bazaar.[4] Tsumanuma graduated in June 1912 with a bachelor's degree in architecture.[5]
Career
editApprenticeship
editTsumanuma moved to New York City to undertake his apprenticeship.[6] Between 1912 and 1916 he worked for Trowbridge & Livingston and moonlighted for several other firms. While at Trowbridge & Livingston, he worked on the J.P. Morgan building at the corner of Wall and Broad Streets in New York City. A May 1914 resume also indicates employment with Paul & Limbrand; Brown & Worthman; Denby & Nute and Lord & Burnham. In addition, he worked for architect Francis Burrall Hoffman Jr., particularly on the Italianate estate, Vizcaya, in Miami, Florida. Tsumanuma worked for Murphy & Dana as early as 1915 on the Tsinghua University's gymnasium and library in Beijing. He was also principal designer for a besso (Japanese style country house) for Robert LeMoyne Barrett, in Concord, New Hampshire. An early independent project of Tsumanuma's, obtained through his connections in New York's Nikkei community, was the Keizo Uenaka residence designed in the American Colonial style in Tokyo, Japan.[7]
On December 1, 1916, Tsumanuma became one of the first two Japanese architects licensed in the State of New York (certificate number 663).
Independent practice
editTsumanuma opened his own office on New Year's Day, 1917. Between approximately 1916 and 1920 he worked in partnership with noted garden designer, Takeo Shiota. Two of their high-profile commissions were the new Fifth Avenue galleries for Yamanaka & Company (a renowned Japanese trading company with branches from Paris to Peking) and the interior design of a luxurious apartment for Elias Burton Holmes.[8] In 1916, in an effort to combat the racial discrimination faced by Japanese draftsmen and architects, Tsumanuma formed the Japanese T-Square Club with about 17 members. Their meetings at the Nippon Club (a private club for Japanese businessmen to meet and entertain associates) introduced members to architects from various leading New York architectural firms. Under Tsumanuma's leadership, the most visible undertaking of the T-Square Club was a competition for the design of a Japanese style home suitable for American suburbs. The competition attracted Japanese architects in both the United States and Japan.[9]
Work in Asia
editBy the end of the First World War, Tsumanuma and Shiota had accumulated an impressive portfolio of published projects, all of which incorporated Japanese design elements. None drew on Tsumanuma's Beaux Arts training. With the fashion for the Japonesque fading on the east coast, Tsumanuma made the first of two trips back to Japan in 1920 in search of new commissions abroad. During this trip he visited his family for the first time since leaving Yamagata in 1899. Tsumanuma had two Beaux Arts projects in hand when he arrived in Japan; a museum in Kyoto and a large masonry apartment building, along with prospects for office buildings from patrons in New York City's Nikkei community. However, he returned from this trip with the largest and most complex project of his career, a 600-bed municipal hospital in Kobe, sponsored by Kawasaki Shipyards.[10]
The Tsumanuma and Shiota partnership dissolved during the transition from domestic to international work. A new partner, John A. Thompson,[11] joined Tsumanuma on his second trip to Japan in 1921. Thompson brought skills in modern hospital design to the Kobe project. While working for McKim, Mead & White, Thompson had worked on the master plan for the New Bellevue Hospital in New York City. Under the Rockrise and Thompson partnership, the firm designed an office building for Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company in Shanghai, as well as projects for Yamanaka and Company and Dr. Takamine in Osaka and Tokyo. All of this work employed the Beaux Arts style.
Personal life
editOn April 4, 1915, Tsumanuma met Agnes Margaret Asbury through his friends, the Ashiwaras. Asbury was employed in the Ashiwaras' family business. Asbury, born February 18, 1886, in Brooklyn, New York, was the only child of Tennessee (her mother was from Tennessee) and Francis ‘Blakie’ Asbury (born in England). They became engaged on May 5, 1915, and married on December 1, 1915. On November 25, 1916, their only child, George, was born.[12]
Death
editIn August 1922, Tsumanuma was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Tsumanuma was advised to take the rest cure at Saranac Lake, New York, the most advanced treatment available prior to the discovery of penicillin. As his health declined, Tsumanuma did almost no work. He died on February 5, 1936.[13][14]
Projects
editThe depth and breadth of Tsumanuma's work is not known. Twice after his diagnosis with tuberculosis, he burned much of his work and drawings. Documentation of the following projects survives:
- J.P. Morgan Bank, New York City (Trowbridge & Livingston) ~1912
- Robert Barrett Besso, Cornish, NH (Murphey & Dana) ~1913
- Tsinghua University (gymnasium and library), Beijing, China (Murphey & Dana) ~1915
- Vizcaya (Italianate estate), Miami, FL (Francis Burrall Hoffman Jr.) ~1915 Associate Architect
- Keizo Uenaka Residence, Tokyo, Japan ~1916
- Yamanaka & Co. Gallery, NYC, NY (Rockrise & Shiota) ~1918
- Elias Burton Holmes Residence, NYC, NY (Rockrise & Shiota) ~1919
- Residence, Bound Brook, NJ (1918)
- Shoji Mayeda Apartment Hotel, Tokyo, Japan (Rockrise & Thompson) ~1921 — no evidence it was built
- Tokushichi Nomura Museum, Kyoto, Japan (Rockrise & Thompson) ~1920 — no evidence it was built
- Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company Office Building, Shanghai, China (Rockrise & Shiota, completed by Rockrise & Thompson) ~1920
- Kawasaki Hospital, Kobe, Japan (Rockrise & Thompson) ~1922
- Levy Tea House, Dobbs Ferry, NY ~1922[15]
References
edit- ^ Dubrow, Gail; Rockrise, Christina; Gregory, Alyssa; Pawlicki, Sarah (2021). "Practicing Architecture under the Bamboo Ceiling: The Life and Work of Iwahiko Tsumanuma (Thomas S. Rockrise), 1878-1936". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 80 (3): 280–303. doi:10.1525/jsah.2021.80.3.280. S2CID 241643066.
- ^ "Index to Aliens, Not Including Filipinos, East Indians, and Chinese, Arriving by Vessel or at the Land Border at Seattle, Washington; NAI Number: 2945984; Record Group Title: Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Record Group Number: 85; Series Number: A3691; Roll Number: 15". National Archives and Records Administration.
- ^ "An Oriental Affair". Akron Beacon Journal. March 14, 1907. p. 3.
- ^ "Nippon Bazaar, 117 East State Street: Japanese and Oriental Goods". Cornell Daily Sun. October 7, 1910.
- ^ "Application for Membership" (PDF). Retrieved May 30, 2021.
- ^ "Perspectives rendered". The American Architect. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
- ^ "Autobiography of Iwahiko Tsumanuma (Thomas S. Rockrise".
- ^ Tsumanuma-Rockrise, Agnes. My Japanese Husband. Unpublished manuscript.
- ^ Architecture Magazine 35:2 (February 19, 1917).
- ^ Tsumanuma-Rockrise, Agnes. My Japanese Husband. Unpublished manuscript.
- ^ "John Thompson, Architect, Dies; Designed College Buildings Here". New York Times. January 28, 1968. p. 76.
- ^ Tsumanuma-Rockrise, Agnes. My Japanese Husband. Unpublished manuscript.
- ^ "Shin Sekai Asahi Shinbun, 1936.02.14". Retrieved May 30, 2021.
- ^ "Application for Membership" (PDF). Retrieved May 30, 2021.
- ^ The Tsumanuma-Rockrise Collection, including the architect's professional work and family papers, has been digitized by Denshō: The Japanese American Legacy Project.