Yoshkar-Ola (Mari and Russian: Йошкар-Ола) is the capital city of Mari El, Russia. Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” in Mari and was formerly known as Tsarevokokshaysk (Царевококшайск) before 1919, as Krasnokokshaysk (Краснококшайск) between 1919 and 1927 both after the Malaya Kokshaga River and Charla (Чарла), by the Mari people.
Yoshkar-Ola
Йошка́р-Ола́ | |
|---|---|
| Other transcription(s) | |
| • Meadow Mari | Йошкар-Ола |
From the top to bottom-right, The Brugge Embankment, Main Square, Annunciation Orthodox cathedral, Republican Puppet Theatre, Obolensky-Nogotkov Square | |
.png) Flag .png) Coat of arms | |
| Anthem: Song About Yoshkar-Ola[2] | |
Location of Yoshkar-Ola  | |
  Yoshkar-Ola Location of Yoshkar-Ola .svg) Yoshkar-Ola Yoshkar-Ola (European Russia)  Yoshkar-Ola Yoshkar-Ola (Europe) | |
| Coordinates: 56°39′N 47°53′E / 56.650°N 47.883°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Mari El[1] |
| Founded | 1584[3][4] |
| City status since | 1781[3] |
| Government | |
| • Body | City Assembly of Yoshkar-Ola[5] |
| • Head[7] | Yevgeny Maslov[6] |
| Elevation | 100 m (300 ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 248,782 |
• Estimate (2018)[9] | 268,272 ( 7.8%) |
| • Rank | 74th in 2010 |
| • Subordinated to | city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola[1] |
| • Capital of | Mari El Republic[10] |
| • Capital of | city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola[1] |
| • Urban okrug | Yoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug[11] |
| • Capital of | Yoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug[11] |
| Time zone | UTC 3 (MSK  [12]) |
| Postal code(s)[13] | 424000–424008, 424010, 424016, 424019, 424020, 424026, 424028, 424030–424034, 424036–424040, 424045, 424700, 424899, 424950, 424999 |
| Dialing code(s) | 7 8362 |
| OKTMO ID | 88701000001 |
| City Day | August 6[14] |
| Website | www |
Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari-inhabited regions of the Volga and its tributaries. It is one of the centers of the Mari people (especially of the Meadow Mari subgroup) and the administrative center of the Yoshkar-Ola city district.
Demographics
editPopulation: 248,782 (2010 Census);[8] 256,719 (2002 Census);[15] 241,601 (1989 Soviet census).[16]
History
edit
Tsardom of Russia 1584–1721
Russian Empire 1721–1917
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1918-1922
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922–1991
Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari region. Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” in Mari and before 1919 was known as Tsaryovokokshaysk (Царевококшайск), between 1919 and 1927 also as Krasnokokshaysk (Краснококшайск) both after the Malaya Kokshaga River and is known as Charla (Чарла) amongst the Mari people.
During the Soviet era, especially after World War II, the city was a regional industrial and transport center and grew to its current size.
The collapse of the Soviet Union removed support for state enterprises, and led to the shutdown of most manufacturing activity in the area. Much of the city's economic activity was supported by shuttle traders who would transport (often counterfeit) goods from the bustling markets of Moscow to Yoshkar-Ola's bazaars. The sharp decline in living standards led to the emigration of specialized professionals to larger cities in Russia.[when?]
Geography
editThe Malaya Kokshaga River runs through the city.
Time zone
editYoshkar-Ola is located in the MSK time zone (Moscow time). The offset of the applicable time relative to UTC is 3:00 In accordance with the applicable time and longitude, the average solar noon in Yoshkar-Ola occurs at 11:48.
Administrative and municipal status
edit
Yoshkar-Ola is the capital of the Mari El Republic.[10] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated as the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola is incorporated as Yoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug.[11]
Transport
editYoshkar-Ola is linked to other cities and regions in Russia by a series of train and bus routes. The local train station is currently served by a daily train to and from the capital Moscow with other short-service trains running to and from Kazan. Moscow and various other nearby towns and regions can also be reached by buses departing from the local bus station. The Yoshkar-Ola Airport is also located 9 km north of the city and handles small aircraft Moscow-bound flights (Vnukovo International Airport) since April 2012.
Destinations within the city limits can be reached through a network of buses, trolleys, and route taxis, or marshrutkas.
Economy
editThe 4th Kiev-Zhitomir Rocket Division of the 27th Guards Missile Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces is located nearby.[17]
Yoshkar-Ola has a prison colony, which came to international attention in September 2022 as the location of a Wagner Group video in which Yevgeny Prigozhin promised convicts they would be released from prison if they served a six-month combat tour in the war against Ukraine.[18]
Climate
editThe climate of Yoshkar-Ola is very similar to that of Nizhny Novgorod or Kirov. The city is situated in a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The winters are long and cold with much snow and average January temperatures between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F), and a record low of −47.3 °C (−53.1 °F). On the other hand, the city enjoys very warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry or rainy conditions with July as the hottest month, when the average high is 25 °C (77 °F), and temperatures may stay around 35 °C (95 °F) for weeks.
| Climate data for Yoshkar-Ola (1991-2020, extremes 1936-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
33.4 (92.1) |
36.8 (98.2) |
38.7 (101.7) |
39.1 (102.4) |
31.6 (88.9) |
23.9 (75.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
39.1 (102.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −7.3 (18.9) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.5 (13.1) |
−10.2 (13.6) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
4.9 (40.8) |
12.8 (55.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
4.2 (39.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −13.7 (7.3) |
−13.9 (7.0) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
6.7 (44.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
6.8 (44.2) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
0.0 (32.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −46.9 (−52.4) |
−41.7 (−43.1) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−18.9 (−2.0) |
−33.6 (−28.5) |
−47.3 (−53.1) |
−47.3 (−53.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40 (1.6) |
30 (1.2) |
32 (1.3) |
32 (1.3) |
40 (1.6) |
64 (2.5) |
76 (3.0) |
65 (2.6) |
54 (2.1) |
57 (2.2) |
43 (1.7) |
42 (1.7) |
575 (22.6) |
| Average precipitation days | 18.1 | 14.6 | 13.2 | 10.5 | 12.0 | 13.1 | 12.1 | 11.9 | 13.6 | 15.2 | 15.1 | 17.9 | 167.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 40 | 81 | 138 | 199 | 271 | 286 | 295 | 239 | 145 | 76 | 34 | 23 | 1,827 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[19] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: climatebase.ru (precipitation days, sun 1936-2012)[20] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 1,700 | — |
| 1926 | 4,300 | 3.25% |
| 1939 | 27,179 | 15.24% |
| 1959 | 88,744 | 6.10% |
| 1970 | 166,073 | 5.86% |
| 1979 | 201,371 | 2.16% |
| 1989 | 241,601 | 1.84% |
| 2002 | 256,719 | 0.47% |
| 2010 | 248,782 | −0.39% |
| 2021 | 281,248 | 1.12% |
| Source: Census Data | ||
According to the 2021 Census, Yoshkar-Ola has a population of 281,248 people, making it the 71st largest city in Russia. The urban area of the city is 291,892 people.
Following the 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of Yoshkar-Ola is:
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Russians | 152,447 | 61.28% |
| Mari | 58,001 | 23.31% |
| Tatars | 10,202 | 4.10% |
| Ukrainians | 2,075 | 0.83% |
| Other | 5,438 | 2.2% |
Education
edit-
The main building of Volga State University of Technology -
The main building of Mari State University
Yoshkar-Ola is home to 88 educational institutions, among them several institutions of higher education, including:
- Mari State University
- Volga State University of Technology (before 2012, Mari State Technical University)
- Interregional Open Social Institute
There are also 30 schools for primary students aged between 7 and 18 and 52 kindergartens. Additionally, Yoshkar-Ola has many private educational centers offering different qualifications and trainings in such disciplines as foreign languages, computer science and many others.
Twin towns – sister cities
editYoshkar-Ola is twinned with:[21]
Bourges, France
Princeton, West Virginia, United States
Szombathely, Hungary
External links
edit
- Official website of Yoshkar-Ola (in Russian)
- Map of Yoshkar-Ola
Geographic data related to Yoshkar-Ola at OpenStreetMap
References
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e Law #22-Z
- ^ Official website of Yoshkar-Ola. Symbols of Yoshkar-Ola Archived 2011-09-09 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ a b Great Russian Encyclopedia, pp. 301–302
- ^ Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 1
- ^ Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 24
- ^ Official website of Yoshkar-Ola. Mayor of the City of Yoshkar-Ola Archived 5 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 44
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ a b Constitution of the Mari El Republic, Article 16
- ^ a b c Law #15-Z
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 6
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ "14th Kievsko-Zhitomirskaya order of Kutuzov Missile Division". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
- ^ Triebert, Christiaan (16 September 2022). "Video Reveals How Russian Mercenaries Recruit Inmates for Ukraine War". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
- ^ "Климат Ачинска - Погода и климат".
- ^ "Yoshkar-Ola, Russia". Climatebase.ru. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". i-ola.ru (in Russian). Yoshkar-Ola. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
Sources
edit- 24 июня 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №21-З от 31 июля 2014 г. «О поправке 59 к Конституции Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу 7 июля 1995 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Марийская правда", 7 июля 1995 г. (June 24, 1995 Constitution of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #21-Z of July 31, 2014 On Amendment 59 to the Constitution of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of July 7, 1995 (with the exception of several clauses).).
- Городское Собрание муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола". Решение №101-IV от 29 июня 2005 г. «Устав муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола"», в ред. Решения №186-VI от 23 сентября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола", принятый Решением городского Собрания муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола" от 29 июня 2005 г. №101-IV». Вступил в силу 28 декабря 2005 г. Опубликован: "Йошкар-Ола" (спецвыпуск), 28 декабря 2005 г. (City Assembly of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola". Decision #101-IV of June 29, 2005 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola", as amended by the Decision #186-VI of September 23, 2015 On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola", Adopted by the Decision #101-IV of June 29, 2005 by the City Assembly of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola". Effective as of December 28, 2005.).
- Государственное Собрание Республики Марий Эл. Закон №22-З от 3 мая 2006 г. «О порядке решения вопросов административно-территориального устройства (деления) Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №50-З от 31 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №81, 6 мая 2006 г. (State Assembly of the Mari El Republic. Law #22-Z of May 3, 2006 On the Procedures of the Administrative-Territorial Structure (Division) of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #50-Z of October 31, 2014 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of the official publication date.).
- Государственный Совет Республики Марий Эл. Закон №15-З от 18 июня 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и составе муниципальных районов, городских округов в Республике Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №50-З от 31 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №116, 24 июня 2004 г. (State Council of the Mari El Republic. Law #15-Z of June 18, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Composition of the Municipal Districts, Urban Okrugs in the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #50-Z of October 31, 2014 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of after 10 days after the official publication.).
- Большая Российская энциклопедия (Great Russian Encyclopedia): В 30 т. / Председатель науч.-ред. совета Ю. С. Осипов. Отв. ред С. Л. Кравец. Т. 12. Исландия — Канцеляризмы. — М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2008. — 767 с.