ISO 9

ISO 9 is an international standard establishing a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and non-Slavic languages.^[1]

Published on February 23, 1995 by the International Organization for Standardization,^[2] the major advantage ISO 9 has over other competing systems is its univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics), which faithfully represents the original spelling and allows for reverse transliteration, even if the language is unknown.

Earlier versions of the standard, ISO/R 9:1954, ISO/R 9:1968 and ISO 9:1986, were more closely based on the international scholarly system for linguistics (scientific transliteration), but have diverged in favour of unambiguous transliteration over phonemic representation. The edition of 1995 supersedes the edition of 1986.^[1]

ISO 9:1995

The standard features three mapping tables: the first covers contemporary Slavic languages, the second older Slavic orthographies (excluding letters from the first), and the third non-Slavic languages (including most letters from the first). Several Cyrillic characters included in ISO 9 are not available as pre-composed characters in Unicode, nor are some of the transliterations; combining diacritical marks have to be used in these cases. Unicode, on the other hand, includes some historic characters that are not dealt with in ISO 9.

Transliteration table

The following combined table shows characters for various Slavic, Iranian, Romance, Turkic, Uralic, Mongolic, Caucasian, Tungusic, Paleosiberian and other languages of the former USSR which are written in Cyrillic.

ISO 9:1995
Cyrillic		Latin
Char		Char		Unicode		Description
А	а	A	a
Ӓ	ӓ	Ä	ä	`00C4`	`00E4`	a diaeresis
Ӓ̄	ӓ̄	Ạ̈	ạ̈	`00C4 0323`	`00E4 0323`	a diaeresis and dot below
Ӑ	ӑ	Ă	ă	`0102`	`0103`	a breve
А̄	а̄	Ā	ā	`0100`	`0101`	a macron
Ӕ	ӕ	Æ	æ	`00C6`	`00E6`	ae ligature
А́	а́	Á	á	`00C1`	`00E1`	a acute
А̊	а̊	Å	å	`00C5`	`00E5`	a ring
Б	б	B	b
В	в	V	v
Г	г	G	g
Ґ	ґ	G̀	g̀	`0047 0300`	`0067 0300`	g grave
Ѓ	ѓ	Ǵ	ǵ	`01F4`	`01F5`	g acute
Ғ	ғ	Ġ	ġ	`0120`	`0121`	g dot
Ҕ	ҕ	Ğ	ğ	`011E`	`011F`	g breve
Һ	һ	Ḥ	ḥ	`1E24`	`1E25`	h dot
Д	д	D	d
Ђ	ђ	Đ	đ	`0110`	`0111`	d stroke
Е	е	E	e
Ӗ	ӗ	Ĕ	ĕ	`0114`	`0115`	e breve
Ё	ё	Ë	ë	`00CB`	`00EB`	e diaeresis
Є	є	Ê	ê	`00CA`	`00EA`	e circumflex
Ж	ж	Ž	ž	`017D`	`017E`	z caron
Җ	җ	Ž̦	ž̦	`017D 0326`	`017E 0326`	z caron and comma below^[3]
Җ	җ	Ž̧	ž̧	`017D 0327`	`017E 0327`	z caron and cedilla^[3]
Ӝ	ӝ	Z̄	z̄	`005A 0304`	`007A 0304`	z macron
Ӂ	ӂ	Z̆	z̆	`005A 0306`	`007A 0306`	z breve
З	з	Z	z
Ӟ	ӟ	Z̈	z̈	`005A 0308`	`007A 0308`	z diaeresis
Ӡ	ӡ	Ź	ź	`0179`	`017A`	z acute
Ѕ	ѕ	Ẑ	ẑ	`1E90`	`1E91`	z circumflex
И	и	I	i
Ӣ	ӣ	Ī	ī	`012A`	`012B`	i macron
И́	и́	Í	í	`00CD`	`00ED`	i acute
Ӥ	ӥ	Î	î	`00CE`	`00EE`	i circumflex
Й	й	J	j
І	і	Ì	ì	`00CC`	`00EC`	i grave
Ї	ї	Ï	ï	`00CF`	`00EF`	i diaeresis
І̄	і̄	Ǐ	ǐ	`01CF (012C)`	`01D0 (012D)`	i caron (or breve)
Ј	ј	J̌	ǰ	`004A 030C`	`01F0`	j caron
Ј̵	ј̵	J́	j́	`004A 0301`	`006A 0301`	j acute
К	к	K	k
Ќ	ќ	Ḱ	ḱ	`1E30`	`1E31`	k acute
Ӄ	ӄ	Ḳ	ḳ	`1E32`	`1E33`	k dot below
Ҝ	ҝ	K̂	k̂	`004B 0302`	`006B 0302`	k circumflex
Ҡ	ҡ	Ǩ	ǩ	`01E8`	`01E9`	k caron
Ҟ	ҟ	K̄	k̄	`004B 0304`	`006B 0304`	k macron
Қ	қ	K̦	k̦	`004B 0326`	`006B 0326`	k comma below^[3]
Қ	қ	Ķ	ķ	`0136`	`0137`	k cedilla^[3]
К̨	к̨	K̀	k̀	`004B 0300`	`006B 0300`	k grave
Ԛ	ԛ	Q	q
Л	л	L	l
Љ	љ	L̂	l̂	`004C 0302`	`006C 0302`	l circumflex
Ԡ	ԡ	L̦	l̦	`004C 0326`	`006C 0326`	l comma below^[3]
Ԡ	ԡ	Ļ	ļ	`013B`	`013C`	l cedilla^[3]
М	м	M	m
Н	н	N	n
Њ	њ	N̂	n̂	`004E 0302`	`006E 0302`	n circumflex
Ң	ң	N̦	n̦	`004E 0326`	`006E 0326`	n comma below^[3]
Ң	ң	Ņ	ņ	`0145`	`0146`	n cedilla^[3]
Ӊ	ӊ	Ṇ	ṇ	`1E46`	`1E47`	n dot below
Ҥ	ҥ	Ṅ	ṅ	`1E44`	`1E45`	n dot
Ԋ	ԋ	Ǹ	ǹ	`01F8`	`01F9`	n grave
Ԣ	ԣ	Ń	ń	`0143`	`0144`	n acute
Ӈ	ӈ	Ň	ň	`0147`	`0148`	n caron
Н̄	н̄	N̄	n̄	`004E 0304`	`006E 0304`	n macron
О	о	O	o
Ӧ	ӧ	Ö	ö	`00D6`	`00F6`	o diaeresis
Ө	ө	Ô	ô	`00D4`	`00F4`	o circumflex
Ӫ	ӫ	Ő	ő	`0150`	`0151`	o double acute
Ӧ̄	о̄̈	Ọ̈	ọ̈	`00D6 0323`	`00F6 0323`	o diaeresis and dot below
Ҩ	ҩ	Ò	ò	`00D2`	`00F2`	o grave
О́	о́	Ó	ó	`00D3`	`00F3`	o acute
О̄	о̄	Ō	ō	`014C`	`014D`	o macron
Œ	œ	Œ	œ	`0152`	`0153`	oe ligature
П	п	P	p
Ҧ	ҧ	Ṕ	ṕ	`1E54`	`1E55`	p acute
Ԥ	ԥ	P̀	p̀	`0050 0300`	`0070 0300`	p grave
Р	р	R	r
С	с	S	s
Ҫ	ҫ	Ș	ș	`0218`	`0219`	s comma below^[3]
Ҫ	ҫ	Ş	ş	`015E`	`015F`	s cedilla^[3]
С̀	с̀	S̀	s̀	`0053 0300`	`0073 0300`	s grave
Т	т	T	t
Ћ	ћ	Ć	ć	`0106`	`0107`	c acute
Ԏ	ԏ	T̀	t̀	`0054 0300`	`0074 0300`	t grave
Т̌	т̌	Ť	ť	`0164`	`0165`	t caron
Ҭ	ҭ	Ț	ț	`021A`	`021B`	t comma below^[3]
Ҭ	ҭ	Ţ	ţ	`0162`	`0163`	t cedilla^[3]
У	у	U	u
Ӱ	ӱ	Ü	ü	`00DC`	`00FC`	u diaeresis
Ӯ	ӯ	Ū	ū	`016A`	`016B`	u macron
Ў	ў	Ŭ	ŭ	`016C`	`016D`	u breve
Ӳ	ӳ	Ű	ű	`0170`	`0171`	u double acute
У́	у́	Ú	ú	`00DA`	`00FA`	u acute
Ӱ̄	ӱ̄	Ụ̈	ụ̈	`00DC 0323`	`00FC 0323`	u diaeresis and dot below
Ӱ̄	ӱ̄	Ụ̄	ụ̄	`016A 0323`	`016B 0323`	u macron and dot below
Ү	ү	Ù	ù	`00D9`	`00F9`	u grave
Ұ	ұ	U̇	u̇	`0055 0307`	`0075 0307`	u dot
Ԝ	ԝ	W	w
Ф	ф	F	f
Х	х	H	h
Ҳ	ҳ	H̦	h̦	`0048 0326`	`0068 0326`	h comma below^[3]
Ҳ	ҳ	Ḩ	ḩ	`1E28`	`1E29`	h cedilla^[3]
Ц	ц	C	c
Ҵ	ҵ	C̄	c̄	`0043 0304`	`0063 0304`	c macron
Џ	џ	D̂	d̂	`0044 0302`	`0064 0302`	d circumflex
Ч	ч	Č	č	`010C`	`010D`	c caron
Ҷ	ҷ	C̦	c̦	`0043 0326`	`0063 0326`	c comma below^[3]
Ҷ	ҷ	Ç	ç	`00C7`	`00E7`	c cedilla^[3]
Ӌ	ӌ	C̣	c̣	`0043 0323`	`0063 0323`	c dot below
Ӵ	ӵ	C̈	c̈	`0043 0308`	`0063 0308`	c diaeresis
Ҹ	ҹ	Ĉ	ĉ	`0108`	`0109`	c circumflex
Ч̀	ч̀	C̀	c̀	`0043 0300`	`0063 0300`	c grave
Ҽ	ҽ	C̆	c̆	`0043 0306`	`0063 0306`	c breve
Ҿ	ҿ	C̨̆	c̨̆	`0043 0328 0306`	`0063 0328 0306`	c ogonek^[3] and breve
Ш	ш	Š	š	`0160`	`0161`	s caron
Щ	щ	Ŝ	ŝ	`015C`	`015D`	s circumflex
Ъ	ъ	ʺ		`02BA`		modifier letter double prime^[4]
Ы	ы	Y	y
Ӹ	ӹ	Ÿ	ÿ	`0178`	`00FF`	y diaeresis
Ы̄	ы̄	Ȳ	ȳ	`0232`	`0233`	y macron
Ь	ь	ʹ		`02B9`		modifier letter prime^[4]
Э	э	È	è	`00C8`	`00E8`	e grave
Ә	ә	A̋	a̋	`0041 030B`	`0061 030B`	a double acute
Ӛ	ӛ	À	à	`00C0`	`00E0`	a grave
Ю	ю	Û	û	`00DB`	`00FB`	u circumflex
Ю̄	ю̄	Û̄	û̄	`00DB 0304`	`00FB 0304`	u circumflex and macron
Я	я	Â	â	`00C2`	`00E2`	a circumflex
Ѣ	ѣ	Ě	ě	`011A`	`011B`	e caron
Ѫ	ѫ	Ǎ	ǎ	`01CD`	`01CE`	a caron
Ѳ	ѳ	F̀	f̀	`0046 0300`	`0066 0300`	f grave
Ѵ	ѵ	Ỳ	ỳ	`1EF2`	`1EF3`	y grave
Ӏ		‡		`2021`		double dagger
ʼ		ʼ		`02BC`		modifier apostrophe
ˮ		ˮ		`02EE`		modifier double apostrophe

National adoptions

Date	Region	Name	Descriptive name
1995-06-01	France	NF ISO 9:1995-06-01 ^[5]	Information et documentation - Translittération des caractères cyrilliques en caractères latins - Langues slaves et non slaves.
1995-09-29	Sweden	SS-ISO 9 ^[6]	Translitterering av kyrilliska bokstäver till latinska - Slaviska och icke-slaviska språk
1997	Romania	SR ISO 9:1997 ^[7]	Informare şi documentare. Transliterarea caracterelor chirilice în caractere latine. Limbi slave şi neslave
1997-12-11	Croatia	HRN ISO 9:1997 ^[8]	Informacije i dokumentacija—Transliteracija ćiriličnih u latinične znakove za slavenske i neslavenske jezike (ISO 9:1995)
2000	Poland	PN-ISO 9:2000 ^[9]	Informacja i dokumentacja. Transliteracja znaków cyrylickich na znaki łacińskie — Języki słowiańskie i niesłowiańskie
2002	Lithuania	LST ISO 9:2002	Informacija ir dokumentai. Kirilicos rašmenų transliteravimas lotyniškais rašmenimis. Slavų ir ne slavų kalbos
2002-07-01	Russia	GOST 7.79-2000 System A	Система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издательскому делу. Правила транслитерации кирилловского письма латинским алфавитом
2002-10	Czechia	ČSN ISO 9 (010185)^[10]	Informace a dokumentace - Transliterace cyrilice do latinky - slovanské a neslovanské jazyky
2005-03-01	Italy	UNI ISO 9:2005^[11]	Informazione e documentazione - Traslitterazione dei caratteri cirillici in caratteri latini - Linguaggi slavi e non slavi
2005-11-01	Slovenia	SIST ISO 9:2005^[12]	Informatika in dokumentacija – Transliteracija ciriličnih znakov v latinične znake – Slovanski in neslovanski jeziki
2011	Estonia	EVS-ISO 9:2011^[13]	Informatsioon ja dokumentatsioon. Kirillitsa translitereerimine ladina keelde. Slaavi ja mitte-slaavi keeled
2013	GCC: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates	GSO ISO 9:2013 ^[14]	التوثيق والمعلومات - الحروف السير يليه بترجمة إلى اللغة اللاتينية - السلافيه وغير اللغات السلافيه

Sample text

The following text is a fragment of the Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bulgarian:^[15]

Като взе предвид, че признаването на достойнството, присъщо на всички членове на човешкия род,
на техните равни и неотменими права представлява основа на свободата, справедливостта и мира в света,

Kato vze predvid, če priznavaneto na dostojnstvoto, prisʺŝo na vsički členove na čoveškiâ rod,
na tehnite ravni i neotmenimi prava predstavlâva osnova na svobodata, spravedlivostta i mira v sveta,

ISO/R 9

ISO Recommendation No. 9, published 1954 and revised 1968, is an older version of the standard, with different transliteration for different Slavic languages, reflecting their phonemic differences. It is closer to the original international system of Slavist scientific transliteration.

A German adaptation of this standard was published by the Deutsches Institut für Normung as DIN 1460 (1982) for Slavic languages and supplemented by DIN 1460-2 (2010) for non-Slavic languages.

The languages covered are Russian (RU), Belarusian (BE), Ukrainian (UK), Bulgarian (BG), Serbo-Croatian (SH) and Macedonian (MK). For comparison, ISO 9:1995 is shown in the table below.

Alternative schemes: ISO/R 9:1968 permits some deviations from the main standard. In the table below, they are listed in the columns alternative 1 and alternative 2.

The first sub-standard defines some language-dependent transliterations for Russian (RU), Ukrainian (UK), Belarusian (BE) and Bulgarian (BG).
The second sub-standard permits, in countries where tradition favours it, a set of alternative transliterations, but only as a group. It is identical to the British Standard 2979:1958 for Cyrillic romanization.^[16]

ISO/R 9:1954, ISO/R 9:1968 and ISO 9:1995
Cyrillic	ISO/R 9 1954	ISO/R 9 1968			ISO 9 1995	Usage per language
Cyrillic	ISO/R 9 1954	base	alt. 1	alt. 2	ISO 9 1995	RU	BE	UK	BG	SH	MK
А а	A a				A a	Yes
Б б	B b				B b	Yes
В в	V v				V v	Yes
Г г	G g	G g	H h (BE, UK)		G g	Yes	Regional		Yes
Ґ ґ	Ġ ġ	G g			G̀ g̀	No		Yes	No
Д д	D d				D d	Yes
Ѓ ѓ	Ǵ ǵ				Ǵ ǵ	No					Yes
Ђ ђ	Đ đ				Đ đ	No				Yes	No
Е е	E e				E e	Yes
Ё ё	Ë ë				Ë ë	Yes		No
Є є	Je je				Ê ê	No		Yes	No
Ж ж	Ž ž			Zh zh	Ž ž	Yes
З з	Z z				Z z	Yes
Ѕ ѕ	Dz dz				Ẑ ẑ	No					Yes
И и	I i, Y y	I i	Y y (UK)		I i	Yes	No	Regional	Yes
I і	I i	Ī ī	I i (BE, UK)		Ì ì	Archaic	Yes		No
Ї ї	Ji ji	Ï ï			Ï ï	No		Yes	No
Й й	J j			Ĭ ĭ	J j	Yes				No
Ј ј	J j		Ĵ ĵ^{[verification needed]}	Y y	J̌ ǰ	No				Yes
К к	K k				K k	Yes
Л л	L l				L l	Yes
Љ љ	Lj lj		Ĺ ĺ^{[verification needed]}		L̂ l̂	No				Yes
М м	M m				M m	Yes
Н н	N n				N n	Yes
Њ њ	Nj nj		Ń ń^{[verification needed]}		N̂ n̂	No				Yes
О о	O o				O o	Yes
П п	P p				P p	Yes
Р р	R r				R r	Yes
С с	S s				S s	Yes
Т т	T t				T t	Yes
Ќ ќ	Ḱ ḱ				Ḱ ḱ	No					Yes
Ћ ћ	Ć ć				Ć ć	No				Yes	No
У у	U u				U u	Yes
Ў ў	Ŭ ŭ				Ŭ ŭ	No	Yes	No
Ф ф	F f				F f	Yes
Х х	H h		Ch ch (BE, RU, UK)	Kh kh	H h	Regional			Yes
Ц ц	C c			Ts ts	C c	Yes
Ч ч	Č č			Ch ch	Č č	Yes
Џ џ	Dž dž		Dj dj^{[verification needed]}	Dĵ dĵ	D̂ d̂	No				Yes
Ш ш	Š š			Sh sh	Š š	Yes
Щ щ	Šč šč, Št št	Šč šč	Št št (BG)	Shch shch	Ŝ ŝ	Yes	No	Yes	Regional	No
Ъ ъ	Ă ă, "	ʺ	Ă ă (BG)		ʺ	Yes^[17]	Archaic^[17]		Regional^[18]	No
Ы ы	Y y				Y y	Yes		No
Ь ь	ʹ				ʹ	Yes				No
Ѣ ѣ	Ě ě				Ě ě	Archaic				No
Э э	E̊ e̊				È è	Yes		No
Ю ю	Ju ju			Yu yu	Û û	Yes				No
Я я	Ja ja			Ya ya	Â â	Yes				No
’	", ’	″			’	Archaic	Yes		No		Regional
Ѫ ѫ	Ȧ ȧ	ʺ̣	Ȧ ȧ (BG)		Ǎ ǎ	No			Archaic^[18]	No
Ѳ ѳ	Ḟ ḟ				F̀ f̀	Archaic	No
Ѵ ѵ	Ẏ ẏ				Ỳ ỳ	Archaic	No

Notes

^ ^a ^b "ISO 9:1995: Information and documentation -- Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters -- Slavic and non-Slavic languages". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ "ISO 9:1995". www.standard.no.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q The "informative" Annex A of ISO 9:1995 uses ISO 5426 0x52 hook to left which can be mapped to Unicode's comma below U 0326 (while the ISO 5426 also has 0x50 cedilla which can be mapped to Unicode's cedilla U 0327), it also uses ISO 5426 0x53 hook to right which can be mapped to Unicode's ogonek U 0328. See for example Evertype.com's ISO 5426 Archived 2020-10-21 at the Wayback Machine mapping to Unicode or Joan M. Aliprand's Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1 Archived 2020-08-02 at the Wayback Machine.
^ ^a ^b Evertype.com: ISO 5426 mapping to Unicode Archived 2020-10-21 at the Wayback Machine; Joan M. Aliprand: Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1 Archived 2020-08-02 at the Wayback Machine; The Unicode Standard: Spacing Modifier Letters Archived 2019-06-13 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "DIN - German Institute for Standardization". Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
^ "Standard - Information and documentation - Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters - Slavic and non-Slavic languages SS-ISO 9 - Swedish Institute for Standards, SIS".
^ "Magazin ASRO". magazin.asro.ro. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019.
^ "HRVATSKI NORMATIVNI DOKUMENT". Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ "Sklep PKN". sklep.pkn.pl.
^ "ČSN ISO 9 (010185)". www.technicke-normy-csn.cz.
^ "Uni Iso 9:2005".
^ "Spletna trgovina SIST - SIST ISO 9:2005".
^ "EVS-ISO 9:2011". EVS.
^ "GSO ISO 9:2013 - متجر المواصفات - Ministry of Industry, Commerce & Tourism - Kingdom of Bahrain". Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
^ "OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Bulgarian (Balgarski)". OHCHR.
^ Hans H. Wellisch (1978), The Conversion of Scripts: Its Nature, History, and Utilization, New York City: Wiley, p. 262, Wikidata Q104231343
^ ^a ^b In Russian and Belarusian, ъ is not transliterated at the end of a word (where it occurred in the pre-1918 orthography).
^ ^a ^b In Bulgarian, ъ and ѫ are not transliterated at the end of a word (where it occurred in the pre-1945 orthography).

External links

Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts – A collection of writing systems and transliteration tables, by Thomas T. Pedersen. PDF reference charts include ISO 9.
Transliteration of Russian into various European languages
CyrAcademisator Bi-directional online transliteration of Russian for ALA-LC (diacritics), scientific, ISO/R 9, ISO 9, GOST 7.79B and others. Supports Old Slavonic characters
Lingua::Translit Perl module covering a variety of writing systems. Transliteration according to several standards including ISO 9 and DIN 1460 for Cyrillic.
(in German) IDS (Informationsverbund Deutschschweiz, 2001) Katalogisierungsregeln IDS (KIDS), Anhänge, "IDS G.4: Transliteration der slavischen kyrillischen Alphabete Archived 2017-03-01 at the Wayback Machine". Universität Zürich. URL accessed on 29-02-2012 (in German)—ISO/R 9 1968 standardization of scientific transliteration.
RUS1.NET — 1:1 (univocal) transliteration map for learners of Russian, links to free auto-translit/IME tools for chrome/Firefox.

[ISO9-1] "ISO 9:1995: Information and documentation -- Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters -- Slavic and non-Slavic languages". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 13 April 2012.

[2] "ISO 9:1995". www.standard.no.

[comma_below_and_ogonek-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q The "informative" Annex A of ISO 9:1995 uses ISO 5426 0x52 hook to left which can be mapped to Unicode's comma below U 0326 (while the ISO 5426 also has 0x50 cedilla which can be mapped to Unicode's cedilla U 0327), it also uses ISO 5426 0x53 hook to right which can be mapped to Unicode's ogonek U 0328. See for example Evertype.com's ISO 5426 Archived 2020-10-21 at the Wayback Machine mapping to Unicode or Joan M. Aliprand's Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1 Archived 2020-08-02 at the Wayback Machine.

[primes-4] Evertype.com: ISO 5426 mapping to Unicode Archived 2020-10-21 at the Wayback Machine; Joan M. Aliprand: Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1 Archived 2020-08-02 at the Wayback Machine; The Unicode Standard: Spacing Modifier Letters Archived 2019-06-13 at the Wayback Machine.

[5] "DIN - German Institute for Standardization". Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.

[6] "Standard - Information and documentation - Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters - Slavic and non-Slavic languages SS-ISO 9 - Swedish Institute for Standards, SIS".

[7] "Magazin ASRO". magazin.asro.ro. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019.

[8] "HRVATSKI NORMATIVNI DOKUMENT". Retrieved 21 December 2022.

[9] "Sklep PKN". sklep.pkn.pl.

[10] "ČSN ISO 9 (010185)". www.technicke-normy-csn.cz.

[11] "Uni Iso 9:2005".

[12] "Spletna trgovina SIST - SIST ISO 9:2005".

[13] "EVS-ISO 9:2011". EVS.

[14] "GSO ISO 9:2013 - متجر المواصفات - Ministry of Industry, Commerce & Tourism - Kingdom of Bahrain". Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2019.

[15] "OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Bulgarian (Balgarski)". OHCHR.

[16] Hans H. Wellisch (1978), The Conversion of Scripts: Its Nature, History, and Utilization, New York City: Wiley, p. 262, Wikidata Q104231343

[ru-end-17] In Russian and Belarusian, ъ is not transliterated at the end of a word (where it occurred in the pre-1918 orthography).

[bg-end-18] In Bulgarian, ъ and ѫ are not transliterated at the end of a word (where it occurred in the pre-1945 orthography).

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