Wikipedia

Hunger Strike Medal

The Hunger Strike Medal was a silver medal awarded between August 1909[1] and 1914[2] to suffragette prisoners by the leadership of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). During their imprisonment, they went on hunger strike while serving their sentences in the prisons of the United Kingdom for acts of militancy in their campaign for women's suffrage. Many women were force-fed and their individual medals were created to reflect this.[2]

Hunger Strike Medal
Medal awarded to Myra Sadd Brown in 1912
Awarded by Women's Social and Political Union
EstablishedAugust 1909 (1909-August)
Ribbon    Green, White, Purple
Motto'For Valour'
CriteriaAwarded by the to suffragette prisoners who had gone on hunger strike during their imprisonment.
GradesForce-feeding – additional striped enamel bar
Statistics
Total inductees81 known


The WSPU awarded a range of military-style campaign medals to raise morale and encourage continued loyalty and commitment to the cause. The Hunger Strike Medals were designed by Sylvia Pankhurst and first presented by leadership of the WSPU at a ceremony in early August 1909 to women who had gone on hunger strike while serving a prison sentence. Later the medals would be presented at a breakfast reception on a woman's release from prison.[2]

Background

edit

On 5 July 1909, suffragette Marion Wallace Dunlop began her hunger strike in Holloway Prison. She had been sentenced to one month for stenciling a message from the Bill of Rights on the wall of the House of Commons.[3] The prison authorities considered her a criminal prisoner whereas she viewed herself as a political prisoner and began her strike in objection to this classification. Her strike lasted 91 hours, ending only because the prison released her to avoid her death.[2]

The hunger strike was Wallace Dunlop's idea and she did it without informing the leadership of the WSPU. Many others quickly imitated her.[2]

Medal description

edit
 
Medal in its presentation case with silver bar for a hunger strike and enamel bar for force-feeding awarded by the WSPU to Mabel Capper

The round and hallmarked silver medals hang on a length of ribbon in the purple, white and green colours of the WSPU. This hangs from a silver pin bar engraved with 'For Valour', in imitation of the inscription found on the Victoria Cross. The front of the medal is inscribed 'Hunger Strike', while the reverse is engraved the recipient's name surrounded by a laurel wreath.[4] The medals were made by Toye & Co. and their manufacture cost the WSPU £1.00 each.[5]

The silver bars on the medal were awarded for periods of hunger strike and are engraved on the reverse with the date that the recipient was arrested leading to a hunger strike. The enamelled purple, white and green bars for force-feeding are similarly engraved on the reverse.[5]

The sculptor Edith Downing's medal bar is engraved with 'Fed by Force 1/3/12' - the date that she was imprisoned which subsequently lead to her hunger strike and forcible feeding.[2] The medals could be issued with more than one bar representing multiple hunger strikes or force-feeding.[5][4]

Presentation

edit
 
Hunger Strike Medal awarded to Georgina Fanny Cheffins

Each Hunger Strike Medal was presented in a purple box with a green velvet lining. A piece of white silk was fitted inside the lid which was printed in gold with the dedication: 'Presented to [name] by the Women's Social and Political Union in recognition of a gallant action, whereby through endurance to the last extremity of hunger and hardship a great principle of political justice was vindicated'.[5]

Surviving medals

edit
 
Charlotte Blacklock's Hunger Strike Medal, Museum of Australian Democracy collection

The Museum of London holds the medal awarded to the suffragette leader Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst who went on hunger strike during a two-month prison sentence in 1912 for throwing a stone at a window of 10 Downing Street.[2]

 
Helen MacRae Hunger Strike Medal, auctioned by Lockdales Auctioneers in 2015. Author: Chris Elmy

Helen MacRae's Hunger Strike Medal in its case was auctioned in 2015 to a private collector, for £12,300,[6] Lockdales Auctioneer's auction manager, James Sadler said 'These are among the most historically important items we have ever dealt with.' [7]

A medal found in a drawer awarded to suffragette Elsie Wolff Van Sandau who was arrested for smashing a window in Covent Garden on 4 March 1912 and who went on hunger strike in prison was sold at auction in 2019 for £12,500.[8][9] A medal belonging to suffragette Selina Martin, auctioned in Nottingham in 2019, expected to fetch £15,000-£20,000[10] was bought by the National Gallery of Victoria, Australia for £27,000.[11]

The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa purchased Frances Parker's medal in 2016.[12][13]

The Museum of Australian Democracy holds the medal awarded to Charlotte Blacklock.[14] The medal awarded to Kate Williams Evans was sold at auction as part of a collection in 2018 which realised £48,640. It is now in the collection of Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales.[15]

Rosamund Massy's medal and Holloway brooch are buried inside the plinth of the statue of Emmeline Pankhurst in London.[16]

In September 2023, Glasgow Women's Library decided to buy Maud Joachim's medal as it was awarded for the first WSPU hunger strike in Scotland.[17] The money raising campaign was successful and it was brought back to the library in October.[18]

edit

The BBC television series Call the Midwife featured an episode with an elderly suffragette played by Annette Crosbie who gifted her Hunger Strike Medal to one of the nurses who cared for her.[19]

Medal recipients

edit
See also: Category:Hunger Strike Medal recipients
 
Emily Davison wearing her Hunger Strike Medal and Holloway brooch c. 1910–1912
 
Janie Terrero wearing her Hunger Strike Medal and Holloway brooch c. 1912

As of October 2023 there are 82 known medal recipients. If known, this list also contains the dates of their arrest as inscribed on their medals.

 
Suffragettes on hunger strike in 1909 - photo by Elin Wagner

Likely medal recipients

edit

These women are WSPU hunger strikers who therefore meet the conditions to have been awarded a medal but the evidence of their medal has yet to be located.

NB This does not appear to a full list of the hunger strikers. For example, in January 2022 this Wikipedia page had 9 names with surname beginning P and the Home Office List has 13 [154][155]

  1. ^ a b Potentially the same woman.
  2. ^ Crawford states it's unclear if force-feeding or another illness was the reason for her release.[143]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2006). The women's suffrage movement in Britain and Ireland: a regional survey. London: Routledge. p. 306. ISBN 0-415-38332-3. OCLC 59149398.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Six facts about Suffragette hunger strikes". Museum of London. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  3. ^ Mayhall, Laura E. Nym (2003). The militant suffrage movement: citizenship and resistance in Britain, 1860-1930. [Oxford]: Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-534783-8. OCLC 57144473.
  4. ^ a b c Kevin Grant, Last Weapons: Hunger Strikes and Fasts in the British Empire, 1890–1948, University of California Press (2019) - Google Books pg.59
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Collecting Suffrage: The Hunger Strike Medal". Woman and her Sphere. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  6. ^ a b "Helen MacRae Suffragette gallantry medal auctioned". BBC News. 21 March 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  7. ^ "Suffragette memorabilia - separating the fact from the fiction". Antique Collecting. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  8. ^ a b Suffragette's hunger strike medal found after 100 years - BBC News 30 May 2019
  9. ^ "Suffragette's hunger strike medal sells for thousands". 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  10. ^ a b Whitfield, David (22 February 2019). "Rare suffragette medal is expected to fetch over £15,000 at auction". nottinghampost. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  11. ^ "Selina Martin Suffragette Hunger Strike Medal". www.coinbooks.org. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  12. ^ a b Thomas, Rachel (26 February 2016). "Te Papa buys rare bravery medal awarded to suffrage activist Frances Parker". stuff.co.nz. Stuff. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Who was Frances Parker?". tepapa.govt.nz. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  14. ^ a b Australian Museum of Democracy (7 September 2011). "Suffragette hunger strike medal". Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  15. ^ a b Suffragette hunger strike medal archive sold for Catherine Southon house record to National Museum Wales - Antiques Trade Gazette 26 July 2018
  16. ^ a b Crawford, Elizabeth (2 September 2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-43402-1.
  17. ^ a b Brooks, Libby (22 September 2023). "Glasgow Women's Library appeals for help to buy suffragette medal". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  18. ^ GWL (19 October 2023). "Maud Joachim's Hunger Strike Medal comes to GWL". Glasgow Women's Library. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  19. ^ Dray, Kayleigh (21 January 2019). "Call The Midwife's suffragette storyline is so deeply important". Stylist. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  20. ^ Suffragette's medal sold at record price - ITV News 14 September 2015
  21. ^ Vito, Vera Di Campli San (2004). "Allen, Mary Sophia (1878–1964), police officer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39176. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 9 March 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  22. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2 September 2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-135-43402-1.
  23. ^ Atkinson, Diane (1992). Suffragettes in the purple white & green: London 1906-14. Museum of London. London: Museum of London. p. 37. ISBN 0-904818-53-5. OCLC 28710360.
  24. ^ "Mrs Helen A. Archdale". The Dinner Puzzle. 8 June 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  25. ^ Bland, Women's Social and Political Union Image of medal taken by family of Violet Ann (2012), English: Medal for Valour given to Violet Ann Bland by the Women's Social and Political Union., retrieved 13 March 2022
  26. ^ "Medal - Suffragette Medal (Hunger Strike), Awarded to Myra Eleanor Sadd Brown, Great Britain, 1912". Museums Victoria Collections. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  27. ^ a b Crawford, Elizabeth (2 September 2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Routledge. p. 707. ISBN 978-1-135-43402-1.
  28. ^ "Hilda Burkitt | The Face of Suffrage". The People's Picture. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  29. ^ Twomey, Lauren. "The Story of Lucy Burns: Independent Research Study" (PDF). Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  30. ^ a b c d e f Leneman, Leah (1995). A guid cause: the women's suffrage movement in Scotland (New rev. ed.). Edinburgh: Mercat Press. ISBN 1-873644-48-5. OCLC 34146764.
  31. ^ a b c Watson, Norman (2018). Dundee's suffragettes: their remarkable struggle to win votes for women. [Scotland?]. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-9999252-0-8. OCLC 1052345952.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  32. ^ "Bonhams: Suffragette Medal". www.bonhams.com. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  33. ^ a b c "The Suffragette Handkerchief at The Priest House, West Hoathly" (PDF). Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  34. ^ "BBC - A History of the World - Object: WSPU hunger strike force feeding medal". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  35. ^ a b c Suffragettes Meet Again (1955). British Pathé. 13 April 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 – via YouTube.
  36. ^ Hunger Strike Medal awarded to Joan Cather (1912) - British Museum Collection Online
  37. ^ "Works | NGV | View Work".
  38. ^ Jack1956 (2021), English: Hunger Strike Medal awarded to Georgina Fanny Cheffins (1863-1932), retrieved 13 March 2022{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ a b "Women's Suffrage -- Hunger Strike medallions | Collectors Weekly". www.collectorsweekly.com. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  40. ^ Crampton, Katie (24 June 2022). "Women's suffrage and the Hunger Strike Medal". WMUK. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  41. ^ Leeds Lib Galleries [@LULGalleries] (5 June 2018). "Currently on display in the Treasures of the Brotherton Gallery is #suffragettes Alice Davies' medal awarded to her by the #WSPU following her hunger strike. The silver Portcullis alongside it, symbolising the House of Commons, was designed by #SylviaPankhurst https://t.co/xo2v9A856o" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  42. ^ Violet Mary Toy received a medal from Emmeline Pankhurst for joining the hunger strike in Holloway Prison Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine - St Hilda's College, University of Oxford
  43. ^ WSPU Hunger Strike medal awarded to Caroline Lowder Downing, 1912 - Parliamentary Art Collection WOA S748
  44. ^ "Bonhams : DOWNING (EDITH) Hunger-strike medal awarded by the WSPU to Edith Downing, 1912". www.bonhams.com. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  45. ^ "Flora Drummond, 1879 - 1949. Suffragette". National Galleries of Scotland. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  46. ^ "Chertsey Museum – The Suffragette Movement in the Local Area". chertseymuseum.org. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  47. ^ "Spink Numismatic and Philatelic Auction and Dealing News: Coins, Banknotes, Medals, Stamps and Books". 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  48. ^ Rare suffragette's Hunger Strike medal is set to be auctioned - Inside Croydon - 13 July 2018
  49. ^ "Medal, suffragette". National Museum Wales. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  50. ^ Call for public's help to piece together life of Norfolk suffragette Caprina Fahey Archived 3 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine - Eastern Daily Press - 2 November 2017
  51. ^ "Suffragette Theresa Garnett 1909". Bath In Time. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  52. ^ a b c d Atkinson, Diane (2018). Rise up, women!: the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-4088-4404-5. OCLC 1016848621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  53. ^ a b "Chess Scotland". Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  54. ^ "Medal awarded to Suffragette who threw a lump of iron at Churchill's car comes up at auction". www.antiquestradegazette.com. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  55. ^ "Suffrage Stories: 'Laura Grey': Suffragettes, Sex-Poison And Suicide". Woman and her Sphere. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  56. ^ Atkinson, Diane (1992). Suffragettes in the purple white & green: London 1906-14. Museum of London. London: Museum of London. p. 105. ISBN 0-904818-53-5. OCLC 28710360.
  57. ^ DiamondsInTheLibrary (24 October 2016). "Jewels for votes for women: let's talk suffragette jewelry". Diamonds in the Library. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  58. ^ "Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (UK) - Medal commemorating suffragette Nellie Hall's hunger strike, 1913. Find out more about Nellie in the Forward (1830-1909) section of the Birmingham History Galleries. | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  59. ^ Simpson, Fiona (17 June 2018). "Suffragette's 'inspirational' life story revealed as belongings go on display". www.standard.co.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  60. ^ a b Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. pp. 306–307. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  61. ^ the-saleroom.com (2 December 2008). "A Suffragette medal in silver awarded to "Anna Hutchinson", the small silver 22mm diameter medal". www.the-saleroom.com (in Italian). Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  62. ^ John, Sue [@SueJohnGWL] (13 October 2023). "Now that we can see Maud Joachim's Hunger Strike Medal in more detail, we can see the inscription on the back of the horizontal purple, white and green bar – confirming that she was force fed on 1st March 1912. This detail isn't visible at the front of the medal. @womenslibrary" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  63. ^ WJDB (21 May 1914), English: Ellen Isabel Jones' Hunger Strike medal, retrieved 13 March 2022
  64. ^ Johansen, Michelle [@historitage] (2 August 2018). "Hunger Strike medal presented to #suffragette Violet Jones. Part of the #HollowayEchoes temp exhibition at Islington Museum. Item on loan from @MuseumofLondon #Vote100 https://t.co/QxM5bRBVFg" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  65. ^ "Suffragette Winifred Jones 1911". Bath In Time. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  66. ^ "Clara Mary LAMBERT — Godalming Museum". www.godalmingmuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  67. ^ "West Cork suffragette Laura will always be remembered as a hero". The Southern Star. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  68. ^ Fitzgerald, Karen [@kmackfitzgerald] (14 September 2018). "@womanandsphere https://t.co/VdzLTIFgnb" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  69. ^ a b "News - Suffragettes Anniversary". BBC Archive. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  70. ^ Suffragette Medal for Hunger Strike and for Valour bought for £27,250 - Lawrences Auctioneers - 20 May 2019
  71. ^ "Rowan and Rowan : Suffragette Hunger Strike Medal". Rowan and Rowan. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  72. ^ "Suffragette Hunger Strike Medal - Colne Valley Museum". Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  73. ^ "The Caravan Club and the Suffrage Movement". The National Motor Museum Trust. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  74. ^ "Gertrude Lowy". www.jewishlivesproject.com. Retrieved 13 March 2022.[permanent dead link‍]
  75. ^ "Suffrage Stories: Two New Exhibitions". Woman and her Sphere. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  76. ^ "Orders, Decorations & Medals" (PDF). Noble Numismatics (Auction catalogue). March 2009.
  77. ^ Knights, Emma (16 October 2013). "Suffragette's life story inspires musical drama". Norwich Evening News. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  78. ^ Robinson, Jane (2018). Hearts and minds: the untold story of the great pilgrimage and how women won the vote. London. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-85752-391-4. OCLC 987905510.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  79. ^ Suffragette hunger striker's medal goes on display at museum - Belfast News Letter - 28 September 2018
  80. ^ "Rare Hunger Strike medal belonging to local suffragette goes on display - Irish Linen Centre & Lisburn Museum". 13 April 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  81. ^ "Chapter 5. Force-feeding and beyond -". Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  82. ^ "Lot 158, Orders, Decorations and Medals (24 & 25 June 2009) | Dix Noonan Webb". www.dnw.co.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  83. ^ "Suffragette medal sold for £13,400 at auction in Stroud". Stroud News and Journal. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  84. ^ "Museum of London | Free museum in London". collections.museumoflondon.org.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  85. ^ Suffragette Talk: Who was Pleasance Pendred? - Glasgow Women's Library online
  86. ^ a b c d e f g Meeres, Frank (2013). Suffragettes: how Britain's women fought & died for the right to vote. Amberley. ISBN 978-1-4456-0007-9. OCLC 846476006.
  87. ^ "Women's Suffrage -- Hunger Strike medallions | Collectors Weekly". www.collectorsweekly.com. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  88. ^ "Spirited". Spirited. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  89. ^ Suffrage Stories: 'From Frederick Street to Winson Green': The Birmingham Women's Suffrage Campaign - Woman and Her Sphere
  90. ^ "Arabella Scott". wealothianwomensforum.org.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  91. ^ Unused ticket: The suffragette story in seven objects - BBC News website (2018)
  92. ^ "Suffragette City West" (PDF). Glasgow Women's Library. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  93. ^ "Suffrage Stories: Ella And Geraldine Stevenson, Suffragette Sisters". Woman and her Sphere. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  94. ^ "GRACE CAMERON SWAN". THE LIVES AND ACTIONS OF SUFFRAGETTES AND SUFFRAGISTS. Retrieved 9 March 2022.[permanent dead link‍]
  95. ^ Maureen Daly Goggin and Beth Fowkes Tobin (ed.) Women and Things 1750-1950: Gendered Material Strategies, Routledge (2016) - Google Books pg. 35
  96. ^ "Medal sale recalls bravery of jailed suffragette". The Northern Echo. 24 May 2004. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  97. ^ "Inside the Suffragists' Jewelry Box: How Women of the Movement Wore Their Pride on Their Sleeves". Vogue. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  98. ^ "Scots suffragette hunger striker remembered". BBC News. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  99. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 700. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  100. ^ "Suffrage Stories: Helen Watts And The Mystery Of The Unclaimed Trunk". Woman and her Sphere. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  101. ^ "Contentdm". Vads.ac.uk. 4 March 1912. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  102. ^ "Michael Shaw on Twitter: "Serendipity is wonderful. I came across a few of Agnes Wilson's suffragette poems last year, but I haven't been able to find anything else on her, besides a photo. Incredibly, one of her relatives was in the @voteofmyown audience yesterday, accompanied by her hunger strike medal."". 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  103. ^ Hunger strike medal presented to Letitia Withall by the Women's Social & Political Union (1913) - National Library of Australia Online Collection
  104. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 327. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  105. ^ "Suffrage - Source 34 pg 4: Fragment of letter written by Janie Allen, 14 July 1912 (forcible feeding)". digital.nls.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  106. ^ "Capt. Melville Hodsoll Allen". www.theauxiliaries.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  107. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2 September 2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-135-43402-1.
  108. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2 September 2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-135-43402-1.
  109. ^ Owens, Rosemary C. (1995). Smashing times: a history of the Irish women's suffrage movement ; 1889-1922 (Repr ed.). Dublin: Attic Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-946211-08-6. OCLC 634172525.
  110. ^ "Begbie to Bell". THE LIVES AND ACTIONS OF SUFFRAGETTES AND SUFFRAGISTS. Retrieved 10 March 2022.[permanent dead link‍]
  111. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 457. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  112. ^ Sarah Benett (Suffragette) - National Portrait Gallery, London
  113. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 50. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  114. ^ "Rosa May Billinghurst | The Suffragettes". The Suffragettes | How the Vote was Won. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  115. ^ Abrams, Fran (2003). Freedom's cause: lives of the suffragettes. London: Profile. p. 153. ISBN 1-86197-425-6. OCLC 52784753.
  116. ^ Abrams, Fran (2003). Freedom's cause: lives of the suffragettes. London: Profile. p. 147. ISBN 1-86197-425-6. OCLC 52784753.
  117. ^ "Nina Boyle and Janet Boyd". THE LIVES AND ACTIONS OF SUFFRAGETTES AND SUFFRAGISTS. Retrieved 10 March 2022.[permanent dead link‍]
  118. ^ "Emily Brandon and Grace Branson". THE LIVES AND ACTIONS OF SUFFRAGETTES AND SUFFRAGISTS. Retrieved 17 March 2022.[permanent dead link‍]
  119. ^ a b Archives, The National. "Hunger strike statement - The National Archives". The National Archives. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  120. ^ Brave Bertha, The Lived and Actions of Suffragettes and Suffragists, Uncover Your Ancestors website
  121. ^ "Criminals or lunatics: The Essex women who fought for suffrage". Great British Life. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  122. ^ "Discovering Leila: Hunger-Striking Suffragettes Pictured — Indie Tours". 28 March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  123. ^ "Mary Jane Clarke". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  124. ^ "Connery, Margaret ('Meg') | Dictionary of Irish Biography". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  125. ^ Munro, Keith (2018). Through the Eyes of Margaret Cousins: Irish & Indian Suffragette (PDF). Hive Studio Books. ISBN 9781999347918.
  126. ^ "Crawfurd Helen – Graham Stevenson". Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  127. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 152. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  128. ^ "Lillian Dove Willcox". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  129. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 709. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  130. ^ Watson, Norman (2018). Dundee's suffragettes: their remarkable struggle to win votes for women. [Scotland?]. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-9999252-0-8. OCLC 1052345952.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  131. ^ admin (26 June 2018). "Suffragette Collection set to spark interest in Surrey saleroom". Antique Collecting. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  132. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 210. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  133. ^ "Museum of London | Free museum in London". collections.museumoflondon.org.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  134. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 224. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  135. ^ "Fermanagh's forgotten Suffragette". The Fermanagh Herald. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  136. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  137. ^ a b c Atkinson, Diane (2010). The suffragettes: in pictures. Diane Atkinson, Museum of London. Stroud: History. ISBN 978-0-7524-5796-3. OCLC 620321263.
  138. ^ "Clara Elizabeth Giveen - National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  139. ^ Vallely, Judith (2019). Struggle and suffrage in Glasgow: women's lives and the fight for equality. Barnsley, South Yorkshire. ISBN 978-1-5267-1830-3. OCLC 1103320835.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  140. ^ "Suffragette Viscountess Rhondda's Newport bomb attack remembered". BBC News. 2 June 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  141. ^ "Annie Kenney". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  142. ^ Abrams, Fran (2003). Freedom's cause: lives of the suffragettes. London: Profile. p. 55. ISBN 1-86197-425-6. OCLC 52784753.
  143. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 323. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  144. ^ Atkinson, Diane (2018). Rise up, women!: the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London. pp. 300–301. ISBN 978-1-4088-4404-5. OCLC 1016848621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  145. ^ Leneman, Leah (1995). A guid cause: the women's suffrage movement in Scotland (New rev. ed.). Edinburgh: Mercat Press. pp. 263–264. ISBN 1-873644-48-5. OCLC 34146764.
  146. ^ Abrams, Fran (2003). Freedom's cause: lives of the suffragettes. London: Profile. p. 117. ISBN 1-86197-425-6. OCLC 52784753.
  147. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 534. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  148. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. pp. 614–615. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  149. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. pp. 439–440. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  150. ^ "'We owe it to their memory': family stories 100 years since the suffragette movement". The Guardian. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  151. ^ "Blog". WCML. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  152. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 758. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  153. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: Routledge. p. 759. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. OCLC 44914288.
  154. ^ https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record/browse?id=S2/GBOR/SUFF/HO144-1195-220196-504-670/0476 See also page 477
  155. ^ Roll of Honour of Suffragette Prisoners 1905-1914. c. 1960.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunger_Strike_Medal&oldid=1262420465"