Anapidae is a family of rather small spiders with 232 described extant species in 58 genera.[1] It includes the former family Micropholcommatidae as the subfamily Micropholcommatinae,[2] and the former family Holarchaeidae. Most species are less than 2 millimetres (0.079 in) long.[3]
| Anapidae Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| C. lyugadinus, female from Okinawa | |
| |
| C. lyugadinus, male | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Anapidae Simon, 1895 |
| Diversity | |
| 58 genera, 232 species | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Micropholcommatidae | |
They generally live in leaf litter and moss on the floor of rain forest. Many build orb webs with a diameter less than 3 centimetres (1.2 in). In some species, such as Pseudanapis parocula, the pedipalps of the female are reduced to coxal stumps.[3]
Description
editSpiders of this family are very small, usually less than two millimeters long, and lack a cribellum. They can have zero, six or eight eyes, the rear median eyes either reduced or missing. One species: 'Epigastrina typhlops'[4] (Rix & Harvey, 2010) [5] has no eyes, an adaption to life underground [6]. In some genera the carapace is modified so that the eyes are raised higher than usual. Color can range from reddish brown, yellowish brown to pale, pigment reduced, creams. Generally both margins of chelicerae have teeth, one exception being 'Acrobleps hygrophilus' who lacks retromarginal teeth[7]. The legs are short and spineless, though there are some with reduced spination such as the genus: 'Teutoniella' [8] or with only one or two long spines such as 'Borneanapis' [9]). The labium has a spur that extends between the chelicerae and can be seen when the chelicerae are spread.[10]
Distribution
editAnapidae are found worldwide, particularly in South America, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Few genera occur in North America or Europe. Only Comaroma simoni and the three species of Zangherella are found in Europe; Gertschanapis shantzi and Comaroma mendocino are found in the United States.[11]
Systematics
editThe family Micropholcommatidae was synonymized with this family by Schütt in 2003[12] and by Lopa et al. in 2011,[13][2] a change that has been accepted by the World Spider Catalog.[11] Similarly, the family Holarchaeidae was synonymized by Dimitrov et al. in 2017, and likewise accepted by the World Spider Catalog.[14]
Genera
editAs of January 2023[update], the World Spider Catalog accepts the following extant genera:[1]
- Acrobleps Hickman, 1979 — Australia
- Algidiella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — New Zealand
- Anapis Simon, 1895 — South America, Central America, Mexico, Jamaica
- Anapisona Gertsch, 1941 — South America, Central America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Mexico
- Austropholcomma Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Australia
- Borneanapis Snazell, 2009 — Indonesia
- Caledanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Caledonia
- Chasmocephalon O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 — Australia
- Comaroma Bertkau, 1889 — Asia, United States
- Conculus Kishida, 1940 — Papua New Guinea, Asia
- Crassanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile, Argentina
- Crozetulus Hickman, 1939 — Africa
- Dippenaaria Wunderlich, 1995 — South Africa
- Elanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
- Enielkenie Ono, 2007 — Taiwan
- Eperiella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Chile, Australia
- Epigastrina Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Australia
- Eterosonycha Butler, 1932 — Australia
- Forsteriola Brignoli, 1981 — Burundi, Rwanda, Congo
- Gaiziapis Miller, Griswold & Yin, 2009 — China
- Gertschanapis Platnick & Forster, 1990 — United States
- Gigiella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Australia, Chile
- Guiniella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Papua New Guinea
- Hickmanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Holarchaea Forster, 1955 — Australia, New Zealand
- Mandanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Caledonia
- Maxanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Metanapis Brignoli, 1981 — Africa, Nepal
- Micropholcomma Crosby & Bishop, 1927 — Australia
- Minanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile, China, Argentina
- Montanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Caledonia
- Normplatnicka Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Australia, Chile
- Nortanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Novanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Zealand
- Octanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Olgania Hickman, 1979 — Australia
- Paranapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Zealand
- Patelliella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Australia
- Pecanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
- Pseudanapis Simon, 1905 — Asia, Germany, South America, Africa, Mexico, Central America, Papua New Guinea
- Pua Forster, 1959 — New Zealand
- Queenslanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Raveniella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Australia
- Rayforstia Rix & Harvey, 2010 — New Zealand, Australia
- Risdonius Hickman, 1939 — Australia
- Sheranapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
- Sinanapis Wunderlich & Song, 1995 — China, Laos, Vietnam
- Sofanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
- Spinanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Taliniella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — New Zealand
- Taphiassa Simon, 1880 — Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka
- Tasmanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Teutoniella Brignoli, 1981 — Chile, Brazil
- Tinytrella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — New Zealand
- Tricellina Forster & Platnick, 1989 — Chile
- Victanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Zangherella Caporiacco, 1949 — Europe, Algeria, Turkey
- Zealanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Zealand
There are also genera only known as fossils, typically in Baltic amber:[15]
- †Balticoroma Wunderlich, 2004
- †Balticonopsis Wunderlich, 2004
- †Cenotextricella Penney in Penney et al., 2007
- †Deanoorapsis Penney, 2020
- †Dubianapis Wunderlich, 2004
- †Flagellanapis Wunderlich, 2004
- †Fossilanapis Wunderlich, 2004
- †Palaeoanapis Wunderlich, 1988
- †Ruganapis Wunderlich, 2004
- †Saxonanapis Wunderlich, 2004
- †Tuberanapis Wunderlich, 2004
See also
editReferences
edit
- ^ a b "Family: Anapidae Simon, 1895". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
- ^ a b Hormiga, Gustavo & Griswold, Charles E. (2014). "Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders". Annual Review of Entomology. 59 (1): 487–512. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046. PMID 24160416.
- ^ a b Murphy, F; Murphy, J. (2000). "An introduction to the spiders of South East Asia with notes on all the genera". Malaysian Nature Society Kuala Lumpur.
- ^ "Epigastrina".
- ^ "NMBE - World Spider Catalog".
- ^ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Epigastrina-typhlops-sp-n-from-the-Mole-Creek-karst-Tasmania-A-C-holotype-male-AMS_fig63_41530741
- ^ Lopardo, Lara; Hormiga, Gustavo (2008). "Phylogenetic placement of the Tasmanian spider Acrobleps hygrophilus (Araneae, Anapidae) with comments on the evolution of the capture web in Araneoidea". Cladistics. 24: 1–33. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00173.x.
- ^ On Teutoniella, an American genus of the spider family Micropholcommatidae (Araneae, Palpimanoidea). 1986.
- ^ https://britishspiders.org.uk/system/files/library/140907.pdf
- ^ Song, D.X.; Zhu, M.S.; Chen, J. (1999). The Spiders of China. Shijiazhuang: Hebei University of Science and Technology, Publishing House. p. 149.
- ^ a b "Family: Anapidae Simon, 1895". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
- ^ Schütt, K. (2003), "Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae", Zoologica Scripta, 32: 129–151, doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00103.x, S2CID 84908326
- ^ Lopardo, L.; Giribet, G. & Hormiga, G. (2011), "Morphology to the rescue: molecular data and the signal of morphological characters in combined phylogenetic analyses — a case study from mysmenid spiders (Araneae, Mysmenidae), with comments on the evolution of web architecture", Cladistics, 27 (3): 278–330, doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00332.x, PMID 34875780, S2CID 85647657
- ^ "Family: Holarchaeidae Forster & Platnick, 1984". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
- ^ Dunlop, J.A.; Penney, D. & Jekel, D. (2023). "A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives, version 23.5" (PDF). World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
Ramirez, M.J.; Platnick, N.I. (1999). "On Sofanapis antillanca (Araneae, Anapidae) as a kleptoparasite of austrochiline spiders (Araneae, Austrochilidae)" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 27 (2): 547–549.