A heterotopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which both extrauterine (ectopic) pregnancy and intrauterine pregnancy occur simultaneously.[2] It may also be referred to as a combined ectopic pregnancy, multiple‑sited pregnancy, or coincident pregnancy.
| Heterotopic pregnancy | |
|---|---|
| Ultrasound showing a heterotopic pregnancy (intrauterine extrauterine pregnancies) with signs that the extrauterine (ectopic) pregnancy has ruptured.[1] | |
| Specialty | Obstetrics |
The most common site of the extrauterine pregnancy is the fallopian tube. However, other sites of implantation include the cervix, ovary, and abdomen.[3]
Although heterotopic pregnancies were once thought to be a rare phenomenon, the incidence has increased due to the increasing use of assisted reproductive technologies.[3]
Cause
editIn a heterotopic pregnancy there is one fertilized ovum which implants normally in the uterus, and one fertilized ovum which implants abnormally, outside of the uterus.
Pathogenesis
editIn the general population, the major risk factors for heterotopic pregnancy are the same as those for ectopic pregnancy:[4]
- Previous history of ectopic pregnancy
- Tubal surgery
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Use of an intrauterine device
- In utero diethylstilbestrol exposure
- Smoking
Women participating in an assisted reproductive program have an increased risk of heterotopic pregnancy for several reasons including:
- Higher incidence of ovulation due to treatment
- Multiple embryo transfers
- Technical factors in embryo transfer which may increase the risk for ectopic and heterotopic pregnancy
- Higher incidence of tubal malformation and/or tubal damage in this group
- Higher levels of estradiol and progesterone due to hormonal treatment
Diagnosis
edit
Signs and symptoms
editHeterotopic pregnancies present with unspecific clinical symptoms. This means the symptoms of a heterotopic pregnancy can be the same symptoms found in several other medical conditions. The most common clinical symptoms are abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, enlarged uterus, and/or an adnexal mass.[4] The vague symptoms found in heterotopic pregnancies can contribute to the delayed diagnosis of this condition, which can lead to devastating consequences, including a ruptured ectopic pregnancy.[4]
Differential diagnosis
editThe signs and symptoms of a heterotopic pregnancy can be found in many other gynecological and non-gynecological conditions, including:
- Ovarian torsion
- Ovarian cyst
- Threatened abortion
- Urinary tract infection
- Kidney stones
- Constipation
- Diverticulitis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Bowel obstruction
- Inflammatory bowel disease
Ultrasound
editThe gold standard for diagnosing a heterotopic pregnancy is the transvaginal ultrasound. However, the sensitivity of the transvaginal ultrasound for diagnosing a heterotopic pregnancy has been found to range from 26.3% to 92.4%.[5] Therefore, both clinical symptoms and ultrasound imaging are used to make the diagnosis.
Management
editThe goal of treatment is to preserve the viable intrauterine pregnancy and to remove the nonviable ectopic pregnancy.
The standard surgical approach for removal of the nonviable ectopic pregnancy is by salpingectomy or salpingostomy.[6]
In the case of an unruptured ectopic pregnancy, local feticidal injection can be used to remove the ectopic pregnancy. For this method, ultrasound is used to guide a needle to the ectopic pregnancy and substances such as potassium chloride and hyperosmolar glucose are injected directly into the gestational sac.[3] The use of this method can be limited due the location of the ectopic pregnancy and the experience of the physician with this technique.
Treatment of heterotopic pregnancy will depend on the specific location of the ectopic pregnancy, as well as the pregnant person's clinical presentation and stability.[6]
Prognosis
editExtrauterine pregnancies are non-viable and can be fatal to the mother if left untreated.[6] However, successfully continuing the intrauterine pregnancy following removal of the extrauterine is possible and has a success rate of about 50 to 66%.[7][8]
Epidemiology
editThe prevalence of heterotopic pregnancy is estimated at 0.6‑2.5:10,000 pregnancies.[9] There is a significant increase in the incidence of heterotopic pregnancy in women undergoing ovulation induction. An even greater incidence of heterotopic pregnancy is reported in pregnancies following assisted reproduction techniques such as In vitro fertilization (IVF) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), with an estimated incidence at between 1 and 3 in 100 pregnancies.[10] If there is embryo transfer of more than 4 embryos, the risk has been quoted as 1 in 45.[10]
In natural conceptions, the incidence of heterotopic pregnancy has been estimated to be 1 in 30,000 pregnancies.[10] However, due to the increasing use of assisted reproduction technology, the overall incidence is 1 in 3900 pregnancies.[11]
References
edit- ^ a b "UOTW #9 - Ultrasound of the Week". Ultrasound of the Week. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ Harrington JA, Lyons EA. "Heterotopic pregnancy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ a b c Bonaventure A, Mamah JE (2019). "Heterotopic pregnancy in a natural conception presenting as an acute abdomen: Management and delivery of a live baby at term". International Journal of Case Reports and Images. 10: 1. doi:10.5348/101011Z01OA2019CR. ISSN 0976-3198. S2CID 239424871.
- ^ a b c Soares C, Maçães A, Novais Veiga M, Osório M (November 2020). "Early diagnosis of spontaneous heterotopic pregnancy successfully treated with laparoscopic surgery". BMJ Case Reports. 13 (11): e239423. doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-239423. PMC 7640493. PMID 33148586.
- ^ Ciebiera M, Słabuszewska-Jóźwiak A, Zaręba K, Jakiel G (2018-12-31). "Heterotopic pregnancy - how easily you can go wrong in diagnosing? A case study". Journal of Ultrasonography. 18 (75): 355–358. doi:10.15557/JoU.2018.0052. PMC 6444310. PMID 30763022.
- ^ a b c Panelli DM, Phillips CH, Brady PC (2015-10-15). "Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review". Fertility Research and Practice. 1: 15. doi:10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z. PMC 5424401. PMID 28620520.
- ^ Noor N, Bano I, Parveen S (May 2012). "Heterotopic pregnancy with successful pregnancy outcome". Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 5 (2): 213–214. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.101024. PMC 3493838. PMID 23162362.
- ^ Nabi U, Yousaf A, Ghaffar F, Sajid S, Ahmed MM (November 2019). "Heterotopic Pregnancy - A Diagnostic Challenge. Six Case Reports and Literature Review". Cureus. 11 (11): e6080. doi:10.7759/cureus.6080. PMC 6894893. PMID 31853431.
- ^ Bello GV, Schonholz D, Moshirpur J, Jeng DY, Berkowitz RL (October 1986). "Combined pregnancy: the Mount Sinai experience". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 41 (10): 603–613. doi:10.1097/00006254-198610000-00001. PMID 3774265.
- ^ a b c Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T (2013). "Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location". Human Reproduction Update. 20 (2): 250–261. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt047. PMID 24101604.
- ^ Molinaro TA, Barnhart TA (24 August 2021). Levine L, Schreiber CA, Berghella V, Chakrabarti A (eds.). "Cesarean scar pregnancy, abdominal pregnancy, and heterotopic pregnancy". UpToDate. Retrieved 2021-11-11.