Hans-Karl Mayer (9 March 1911 – 17 October 1940) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and fighter ace during Spanish Civil War and World War II. He is credited with eight aerial victories during the Spanish Civil War and further 31 aerial victories on the Western Front of World War II.
Hans-Karl Mayer | |
|---|---|
| Nickname(s) | Mayer-Ast |
| Born | 9 March 1911 Rufach, German Empire |
| Died | 17 October 1940 (aged 29) over the English Channel |
| Allegiance |  Nazi Germany |
| Service |  ReichsmarineLuftwaffe |
| Years of service | 1933–1940 |
| Rank | Hauptmann (captain) |
| Unit | Condor Legion JG 53 |
| Battles / wars | See battles |
| Awards | Spanish Cross In Gold with Swords Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |
Early life and career
editMayer, nicknamed Mayer-Ast,[1] was born on 9 March 1911 in Rufach at the time in the Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine as part of the German Empire, present-day Rouffach in north-eastern France.[2] He joined the Reichsmarine, the German Navy during the Weimar Republic, before transferring to the newly formed Luftwaffe. During the Spanish Civil War, Mayer volunteered for service with the Condor Legion, a unit composed of volunteers from the Luftwaffe and from the Army which served with the Nationalists. There, he was assigned to 1. Staffel (1st squadron) of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88—88th Fighter Group) under the command of Oberleutnant Wolfgang Schellmann,[3] claiming eight victories.[4]
On 7 February 1938, Mayer claimed his first two aerial victories when he shot down a Tupolev SB bomber and a Polikarpov I-16 fighter.[5] He was later awarded the Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords (Spanienkreuz in Gold mit Schwertern) on 14 April 1939 for his service in the Spanish Civil War.[6] Upon his return from Spain, Mayer was posted to the 1. Staffel of the Jagdgeschwader 334 (JG 334—334th Fighter Wing).[4] This Staffel was part of I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 334 commanded by Major Hans-Hugo Witt. On 1 November, the Gruppe was renamed and became I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 133 (JG 133—133rd Fighter Wing). In early 1939, the Gruppe received the then new Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-1 and E-3 fighter aircraft. On 1 May, the unit was again renamed, receiving its final designation, and became the I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing). On 15 March, Mayer's 1 Staffel was placed under the command of Hauptmann Werner Mölders and based at Wiesbaden-Erbenheim Airfield.[7]
World War II
editWorld War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 1 October, Mayer was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1. Staffel, thus succeeding Mölders who was transferred.[8][9] He claimed his first victory of World War II on 5 November 1939 downing a French Potez 63 reconnaissance aircraft near Saarburg.[10] On 21 April 1940, Mayer claimed his second aerial victory on a fighter sweep mission to the area of Trier-Pirmasens. His claim over a Hawker Hurricane was the sixth for his Staffel and the 24th of I. Gruppe.[11] For this, he received the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse).[12] Mayer claimed eight more victories during the Battle of France, including five aircraft shot down on 14 May 1940, making him an "ace-in-a-day".[13]
During the Battle of Britain he then shot down two Hurricanes over the Isle of Wight on 12 August 1940. On 25 August, Mayer shot down a Hurricane for his 15th victory, possibly that of Flight Lieutenant Alfred Bayne of No. 17 Squadron, who bailed out.[14] Alternatively, according to military aviation historians Christopher Shores and Clive Williams, his victim may have been Pilot Officer Jacques Philippart who bailed out and came down in the English Channel and subsequently died.[15] The next day Mayer shot down two Spitfires. One of his victim was ace Sergeant Cyril Babbage of No. 602 Squadron, who bailed out.[16] Hauptmann Mayer was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 3 September.[17]
Mayer was made Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) I. Gruppe of JG 53 on 1 September 1940, he replaced Hauptmann Albert Blumensaat who was transferred. Command of 1. Staffel was passed on to Oberleutnant Hans Ohly.[18] He recorded his 30th victory on 15 September. On 17 October 1940, Mayer took off in Bf 109 E-7 (Werknummer 4138—factory number) on a test flight and never returned, his body washing up on the English coast 10 days later.[19] He was possibly a victim of Flying Officer Desmond McMullen or Sergeant John Burgess, both from No. 222 Squadron RAF.[20] Mayer was the first Luftwaffe Knights Cross recipient to be killed in action.[21] He is buried at Hawkinge Cemetery, Kent.[22] Command of I. Gruppe was then given to Hauptmann Hans-Heinrich Brustellin.[18]
Summary of career
editAerial victory claims
editAccording to Obermaier, Mayer was credited with 39 aerial victories, eight in the Spanish Civil War and 31 on the Western Front of World War II.[2] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 28 aerial victory claims. This number includes six claims during the Spanish Civil War and 22 over the Western Allies.[6]
| Chronicle of aerial victories | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Mayer an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Forsyth, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
| |||||||||
| Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
| – 1. Staffel of Jagdgruppe 88 –[6] Spanish Civil War | |||||||||
| 1 | 7 February 1938 | —
|
SB-2[23] | ?[Note 1] | 10 June 1938 | —
|
SB-2[6] | ||
| 2 | 7 February 1938 | —
|
I-16[23] | 5 | 13 June 1938 | —
|
I-16[23] | ||
| 3 | 21 February 1938 | —
|
I-16[23] | 6?[Note 2] | 16 June 1938 | —
|
SB-2[23] | ||
| 4 | 29 March 1938 | —
|
I-15[23] | ||||||
| According to Forsyth, Mayer claimed two further aerial victories in Spain.[23] Mathews and Foreman do not list these claims.[6] | |||||||||
| World War II | |||||||||
| – 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[6] "Phoney War" — 1 September 1939 – 9 May 1940 | |||||||||
| 1 | 5 November 1939 | 15:15 | Potez 63 | west of Losheim am See[24] | 2 | 21 April 1940 | 12:05 | Hurricane | northwest of Merzig[24] |
| – 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 2 –[6] Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940 | |||||||||
| 3 | 11 May 1940 | 07:53 | M.S.406 | 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) south of Metz[25] | 7♠ | 14 May 1940 | 16:40 | Blenheim | southwest of Sedan[25] |
| 4♠ | 14 May 1940 | 16:23 | Hurricane | Sedan[25] | 8♠ | 14 May 1940 | 16:55?[Note 3] | Battle?[Note 3] | south of Sedan[25] |
| 5♠ | 14 May 1940 | 16:24 | Battle | Sedan[25] | 9 | 25 May 1940 | 12:05 | Curtiss | south of Attigny[25] |
| 6♠ | 14 May 1940 | 16:30 | Blenheim | Sedan[25] | |||||
| – 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[6] Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 26 June – 31 August 1940 | |||||||||
| 10 | 12 August 1940 | 13:20 | Hurricane[26] | off Isle of Wight-Portsmouth[27] | 14 | 24 August 1940 | 17:40 | Spitfire | Isle of Wight[26] |
| 11 | 12 August 1940 | 13:25 | Hurricane | English Channel[26] off Isle of Wight-Portsmouth |
15 | 25 August 1940 | 18:30 | Hurricane | west of Portland[26] |
| 12 | 13 August 1940 | 17:00 | Hurricane | Portland[26] | 16 | 26 August 1940 | 14:30 | Spitfire | east of Portsmouth[28] |
| 13 | 15 August 1940 | 18:45 | Hurricane | Salisbury[26] | 17 | 26 August 1940 | 17:35 | Spitfire | Portsmouth[28] |
| – Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[6] Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 1 September – 17 October 1940 | |||||||||
| 18 | 6 September 1940 | 10:30 | Hurricane | northwest of Dungeness[28] | 21 | 15 September 1940 | 12:45 | Spitfire | 15 km (9.3 mi) south of London[28] |
| 19 | 7 September 1940 | 18:00 | Hurricane[28] | 22 | 15 September 1940 | 13:10 | Spitfire | Maidstone[28] | |
| 20 | 9 September 1940 | 19:05 | Hurricane[28] | ||||||
Awards
edit- Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords (14 April 1939)[6]
- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class[12]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 3 September 1940 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän in the 1./Jagdgeschwader 53[29][30]
Notes
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Prien 1997, p. 76.
- ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 165.
- ^ Laureau 2010, p. 107.
- ^ a b Goss 2018, p. 75.
- ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 90.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 823.
- ^ Prien et al. 2000a, pp. 230, 232.
- ^ Prien et al. 2001, pp. 361, 363.
- ^ Braatz 2009, p. 193.
- ^ Prien 1997, p. 56.
- ^ Prien 1997, pp. 81, 85.
- ^ a b Dixon 2023, p. 17.
- ^ Page 2020, p. 30.
- ^ Goss 2020, p. 23.
- ^ Shores & Williams 1994, p. 494.
- ^ Goss 2017, p. 54.
- ^ Goss 2020, p. 167.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 197.
- ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 208.
- ^ Goss 2017, p. 71.
- ^ Dixon 2023, p. 18.
- ^ Goss 2020, p. 206.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Forsyth 2011, p. 104.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2001, p. 369.
- ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2000b, p. 327.
- ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2002, p. 201.
- ^ Goss 2018, p. 79.
- ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2002, p. 203.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 305.
- ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 531.
Bibliography
edit- Braatz, Kurt [in German] (2009). Werner Mölders - Die Biographie [Werner Mölders - The Biography] (in German). Moosburg (Germany): NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9811615-3-3.
- Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Forsyth, Robert (2011). Aces of the Legion Condor. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 99. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-347-8.
- Goss, Chris (2017). Jagdgeschwader 53 "Pik-As" Bf 109 Aces of 1940. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 132. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1873-7.
- Goss, Chris (2018). Knights of the Battle of Britain — Luftwaffe Aircrew Awarded the Knight's Cross in 1940. Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52672-651-3.
- Goss, Chris (2020). Brothers in Arms: The Story of a British and a German Fighter Unit, August to December 1940. Havertown: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-8292-2.
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- Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 3 M–R. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-20-2.
- Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
- Page, Neil (2020). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1939–42. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-849-3.
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- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2000b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9.
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