The Hailu dialect (simplified Chinese: 海陆腔; traditional Chinese: 海陸腔; pinyin: Hǎilù qiāng; Hailu Hakka Romanization System: hoi´ liug` kiong`), also known as the Hoiluk dialect or Hailu Hakka (simplified Chinese: 海陆客语; traditional Chinese: 海陸客語; pinyin: Hǎilù Kèyǔ), is a dialect of Hakka Chinese that originated in Shanwei, Guangdong.[1] It is also the second most common dialect of Hakka spoken in Taiwan.[2][1]
| Hailu dialect | |
|---|---|
| Hoiliuk dialect | |
| 海陆腔 / 海陸腔 海陆客语 / 海陸客語 | |
| Native to | China, Taiwan and Indonesia |
| Region | Shanwei, Guangdong; Hsinchu County, Hsinchu City, Taoyuan, Hualien County, and Miaoli County, Taiwan; West Kalimantan, Indonesia |
| Chinese characters Pha̍k-fa-sṳ | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Taiwan |
| Regulated by | Hakka Affairs Council |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
hak-hai Hailu | |
| Glottolog | hail1247 Hailu |
Classification
editThe first edition of the Language Atlas of China places the Hakka dialects spoken in Haifeng and Lufeng[3] into the Xin–Hui cluster (新惠小片; Xīn-Huì xiǎopiàn) of the Yue–Tai subgroup (粤台片; 粵臺片; Yuè-Tái piàn) of Hakka.[4] In the second edition, it is given its own subgroup known as the Hai–Lu subgroup (海陆片; 海陸片; Hǎi-Lù piàn) separate from the Yue–Tai subgroup.[5]
Chang Song-hing and Zhuang Chusheng propose that it should be grouped as the Hai–Lu cluster (海陆小片; 海陸小片; Hǎi-Lù xiǎopiàn) of the Mei–Shao subgroup (梅韶片; Méi-Sháo piàn).[6]
Distribution
editIn China, the Hailu dialect is spoken in Shanwei, Guangdong, particularly in Haifeng, Lufeng, and Luhe.[1][5] As of 2012, there are around 1.18 million speakers of the dialect in these three areas.[7]
In Taiwan, it is spoken in Hsinchu County (Xinfeng, Xinpu, Hukou, Qionglin, Hengshan, Guanxi, Beipu, Baoshan, Emei, and Zhudong), Hsinchu City (Xiangshan and Xinfeng), Taoyuan (mostly in Guanyin, Xinwu, and Yangmei; also pockets in Pingzhen, Zhongli, and Longtan), Hualien County (Ji'an, Shoufeng, Guangfu, Yuli, Ruisui, and Fenglin), and Miaoli County (Toufen, Sanwan, Nanzhuang, Xihu, Houlong, Zaoqiao, Tongxiao, and Tongluo).[8][9] In 2013, 41.5% of Hakka people in Taiwan were reported to be able to communicate in the Hailu dialect.[2]
In Indonesia, it is widely spoken in northern West Kalimantan, including Singkawang, Sambas, and Pemangkat.[10]
Phonology
editTones
editThe Hailu dialect has seven lexical tones:[11][12]
| Tone name | dark level (阴平 / 陰平) |
light level (阳平 / 陽平) |
rising (上声 / 上聲) |
dark departing (阴去 / 陰去) |
light departing (阳去 / 陽去) |
dark entering (阴入 / 陰入) |
light entering (阳入 / 陽入) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | 夫 | 扶 | 府 | 富 | 护 / 護 | 福 | 服 | |
| Tone letter | Hetian, Luhe | ˥˧ (53) | ˥ (55) | ˨˩˧ (213) | ˧˩ (31) | ˨ (22) | ˧˦ (34) | ˥˦ (54) |
| Hsinchu | ˥˧ (53) | ˥ (55) | ˨˦ (24) | ˩ (11) | ˧ (33) | ˥ (5) | ˨ (2) | |
Notes
edit- ^ a b c Teng 2015, p. 1.
- ^ a b HAC 2013, p. 2.
- ^ Including Luhe, which was carved out of Lufeng in 1988.
- ^ CASS & AAH 1987, B15.
- ^ a b Xie & Huang 2012, p. 117.
- ^ Chang & Zhuang 2008, p. 410.
- ^ Wu & Zhan 2012, p. 117.
- ^ HAC 2013, pp. 73, 78.
- ^ HAC 2018.
- ^ Huang 2008, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Xie & Huang 2012, p. 119.
- ^ MOE 2012, p. 38.
References
edit- Chang, Song-hing; Zhuang, Chusheng (2008). 廣東方言的地理格局與自然地理及歷史地理的關係 [Geographical Distribution of Guangdong Dialects: Their Linkage with Natural and Historical Geography] (PDF). Journal of Chinese Studies (in Chinese) (48): 407–422.
- Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Australian Academy of the Humanities, eds. (1987). 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: Longman Group (Far East). ISBN 0-582-99903-0.
- "Distribution and resurgence of the Hakka language". Hakka Affairs Council. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- Huang, Hui-chen (2008). 印尼山口洋客家話研究 [Study of Hakka in Singkawang, Indonesia] (PDF) (Master's thesis). National Central University. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
- Teng, Shengyu (2015). "Word Formation in Chinese Dialects: A Case Study of Hailu Hakka". Chinese Lexical Semantics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9332. pp. 281–293. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27194-1_29. ISBN 978-3-319-27193-4.
- Wu, Wei; Zhan, Bohui (2012). B2—1 广东省的汉语方言. 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 160–165. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.
- Xie, Liuwen; Huang, Xuezhen (2012). B1—17 客家话. 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 116–124. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.
- 101-102年度台灣客家民眾客語使用狀況 (PDF) (in Chinese). Hakka Affairs Council. November 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
- 客家語拼音方案使用手冊 [Usage Manual for the Hakka Romanization System] (PDF) (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan). November 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2019.