Gliophorus is a genus of agaric fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Gliophorus species belong to a group known as waxcaps in English, sometimes also waxy caps in North America or waxgills in New Zealand. In Europe, Gliophorus species are typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, two species, Gliophorus europerplexus and Gliophorus reginae, are of global conservation concern and are listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]
| Gliophorus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Gliophorus graminicolor | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hygrophoraceae |
| Genus: | Gliophorus Herink (1958) |
| Type species | |
| Gliophorus psittacinus | |
Taxonomy
editThe genus was described by Czech mycologist Josef Herink in 1958.[2] It was formerly synonymized with Hygrocybe by many authorities,[3] but recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, indicates that Gliophorus is monophyletic and forms a natural group distinct from Hygrocybe sensu stricto.[4][5][6][7]
Description
editSpecies are distinguished from most other waxcaps by producing basidiocarps (fruit bodies) with extremely slimy or glutinous caps and stems.[8] The waxcap genus Gloioxanthomyces is superficially similar.
Habitat and distribution
editIn Europe, Gliophorus species are typically found in agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grasslands (including pastures and lawns).[3] Elsewhere, they are most frequently found in woodland. The genus is cosmopolitan, though New Zealand has an unusually large number of native Gliophorus species.[8]
Species
edit| Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
| G. bichromus | New Zealand | |
 |
G. chromolimoneus | New Zealand and Australia |
| G. europerplexus[5] | Wales, England, and Spain | |
| G. fumosogriseus | New Zealand | |
_Figure_3.jpg) |
G. glutinosus[9] | Sikkim |
 |
G. graminicolor | Australia and New Zealand |
 |
G. irrigatus[10] | Europe, Central and North America, northern Asia, and Australia |
_Herink_486215.jpg) |
G. laetus | Europe, Central America, eastern and western North America |
| G. lilacinoides | New Zealand | |
 |
G. lilacipes | New Zealand |
| G. luteoglutinosus | Australia | |
| G. ostrinus | Mexico | |
| G. pallidus | New Zealand | |
_Boertm_274513.jpg) |
G. perplexus[5] | Mexico |
| G. pseudograminicolor[10] | Australia | |
_Herink_412340.jpg) |
G. psittacinus | Europe, United Kingdom, Iceland, Greenland, the Americas, South Africa, Japan |
| G. reginae | England and Wales, Denmark, France, Slovakia, and Spain. | |
| G. roseus[11] | Panama | |
 |
G. subheteromorphus | New Zealand |
| G. sulfureus | New Zealand | |
 |
G. versicolor | New Zealand |
 |
G. viridis | New Zealand |
 |
G. viscaurantius | New Zealand. |
References
edit- ^ "Gliophorus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species".
- ^ Herink J. (1958). "Stavnatkovité houby parhorku "Velká Horka" u Mnichova Hradiste". Sborník Severoceského Musea (in Czech). 1: 53–86.
- ^ a b Boertmann D. (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. p. 200. ISBN 978-87-983581-7-6.
- ^ Babos M, Halász K, Zagyva T, Zöld-Balogh Á, Szegő D, Bratek Z (2011). "Preliminary notes on dual relevance of ITS sequences and pigments in Hygrocybe taxonomy". Persoonia. 26: 99–107. doi:10.3767/003158511X578349. PMC 3160800. PMID 22025807.
- ^ a b c Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, et al. (2014). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)". Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 1–99. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0. hdl:2318/136089.
- ^ "Gliophorus Herink". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
- ^ "Gliophorus Herink 1958". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
- ^ a b Horak E. (1990). "Monograph of the New Zealand Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Botany. 28 (3): 255–309. Bibcode:1990NZJB...28..255H. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1990.10412313.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Chakraborty, Dyutiparna; Das, Kanad; Vizzini, Alfredo (2018). "Gliophorus glutinosus sp. nov. (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) from Eastern Himalayan region of India". MycoKeys. 44 (44): 123–135. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.44.28554. PMC 6310712. PMID 30613182.
- ^ a b Paul M. Kirk (10 September 2013). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum (23): 1. ISSN 2049-2375. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ Reschke, K., Lotz-Winter, H., Fischer, C.W., Hofmann, T.A., Piepenbring, M., 2021. New and interesting species of Agaricomycetes from Panama. Phytotaxa 529, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.1