Gheranda Samhita (IAST: gheraṇḍasaṁhitā, घेरंडसंहिता, meaning “Gheranda's collection”) is a Sanskrit text of Yoga in Hinduism. It is one of the three classic texts of hatha yoga (the other two being the Hatha Yoga Pradipika and the Shiva Samhita), and one of the most encyclopedic treatises in yoga.[3][4][5] Fourteen manuscripts of the text are known, which were discovered in a region stretching from Bengal to Rajasthan. The first critical edition was published in 1933 by Adyar Library, and the second critical edition was published in 1978 by Digambarji and Ghote.[6] Some of the Sanskrit manuscripts contain ungrammatical and incoherent verses, and some cite older Sanskrit texts.[6]
There are no fetters like those of illusion (maya),
no strength like that which comes from discipline (yoga),
there is no friend higher than knowledge (jnana),
and no greater enemy than egoism (ahankara).
Translator: Srisa Chandra Vasu[2]
It is likely a late 17th-century text, probably from northeast India, structured as a teaching manual based on a dialogue between Gheranda and Chanda.[7][8][9] The text is organized into seven chapters and contains 351 shlokas (verses).[8]
Book
editThe Gheranda Samhita calls itself a book on ghatastha yoga, which literally means "vessel yoga", wherein the body and mind are depicted as vessels that carry and serve the soul (atman, purusha).[8][3] It is generally considered a Hatha yoga text.[3][10][11] The text teaches a seven limbed yoga, in contrast to the eight-limbed yoga in Patanjali's Yogasutras, the six-limbed yoga of the Goraksha Samhita, and the four-limbed yoga in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika.[3] It declares its goal to be the perfection of an individual's body, mind and soul through a seven step lifelong continuous self-development. The means of this goal include self purification, thirty two asanas it details for building body strength, twenty five mudras to perfect body steadiness, five means to pratyahara, lessons on proper nutrition and lifestyle, ten types of breathing exercises, three stages of meditation and six types of samadhi.[12]
The text reverentially invokes Hindu god Shiva as well as Vishnu, with verses such as 5.77 and 7.4 suggesting that the writer was also inspired by Advaita Vedanta ideas such as "I am Brahman [Supreme Soul] alone, and nothing else; my form is truth, consciousness and bliss (satcitananda); I am eternally free".[13]
Structure
editGheranda Samhita is a step by step detailed manual of yoga taught by sage Gheranda to student Chanda.[14] Unlike other hatha yoga texts, the Gheranda Samhita speaks of a sevenfold yoga:[15][16]
- Shatkarma for body cleansing
- Asana for body strengthening
- Mudra for body steadying
- Pratyahara for mind calming
- Pranayama for inner lightness
- Dhyana for inner perception
- Samādhi for self liberation and bliss
The text itself follows this division in seven chapters, and has a focus upon the ṣaṭkarmas (shatkarma), thus this text is sometimes said to describe ghatastha yoga. For instance, the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali describes an eightfold path (yama and niyama instead of shatkarma and mudra, and addition of dharana). The closing stanzas on samadhi teach different methods than those described by Patanjali.
The earliest translation of the text into English was by Srisa Chandra Vasu.[4][17]
References
edit- ^ James Mallinson (2004). The Gheranda Samhita: The Original Sanskrit and an English Translation. Yoga Vidya. pp. 70–72. ISBN 978-0-9716466-3-6.70-72&rft.pub=Yoga Vidya&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9716466-3-6&rft.au=James Mallinson&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=73DzK3kTIgEC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ Rai Bahadur Srisa Chandra Vasu (1996). The Gheranda Samhita. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-8121507349.2-3&rft.pub=Munshiram Manoharlal&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-8121507349&rft.au=Rai Bahadur Srisa Chandra Vasu&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b c d James Mallinson (2004). The Gheranda Samhita: The Original Sanskrit and an English Translation. Yoga Vidya. pp. ix–x. ISBN 978-0-9716466-3-6.ix-x&rft.pub=Yoga Vidya&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9716466-3-6&rft.au=James Mallinson&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=73DzK3kTIgEC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b B. Heimann (1937), Review: The Ǧheraṇda Saṁhitā. A Treatise on Haṭha Yoga by Śrīś Chandra Vasu, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, No. 2 (Apr., 1937), pp. 355-357
- ^ Georg Feuerstein (2011). The Path of Yoga: An Essential Guide to Its Principles and Practices. Shambhala Publications. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-8348-2292-4.13-14&rft.pub=Shambhala Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8348-2292-4&rft.au=Georg Feuerstein&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=Knp7nmz8qgMC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b James Mallinson (2004). The Gheranda Samhita: The Original Sanskrit and an English Translation. Yoga Vidya. pp. xiv–xvi. ISBN 978-0-9716466-3-6.xiv-xvi&rft.pub=Yoga Vidya&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9716466-3-6&rft.au=James Mallinson&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=73DzK3kTIgEC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ James Mallinson (2004). The Gheranda Samhita: The Original Sanskrit and an English Translation. Yoga Vidya. pp. x–xiii. ISBN 978-0-9716466-3-6.x-xiii&rft.pub=Yoga Vidya&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9716466-3-6&rft.au=James Mallinson&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=73DzK3kTIgEC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b c Mikel Burley (2000). Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-81-208-1706-7.8-9&rft.pub=Motilal Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1706-7&rft.au=Mikel Burley&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezxQHzjwUosC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ Georg Feuerstein (2011). The Path of Yoga: An Essential Guide to Its Principles and Practices. Shambhala Publications. pp. 55, 59–60. ISBN 978-0-8348-2292-4.59-60&rft.pub=Shambhala Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8348-2292-4&rft.au=Georg Feuerstein&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=Knp7nmz8qgMC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
- ^ Guy L. Beck (1993). Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-87249-855-6.102-103&rft.pub=University of South Carolina Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-855-6&rft.au=Guy L. Beck&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=cY1Xw1ZlIeQC&pg=PA102&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">, Quote: "The Gheranda Samhita, Siva Samhita and Hatha Yoga Pradipika are three of the most important Hatha Yoga texts and are intimately connected with the practice of Nada Yoga as propounded by Gorakhshanath and his school."
- ^ James Mallinson (2004). The Gheranda Samhita: The Original Sanskrit and an English Translation. Yoga Vidya. pp. x–xi. ISBN 978-0-9716466-3-6.x-xi&rft.pub=Yoga Vidya&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9716466-3-6&rft.au=James Mallinson&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=73DzK3kTIgEC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ James Mallinson (2004). The Gheranda Samhita: The Original Sanskrit and an English Translation. Yoga Vidya. pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN 978-0-9716466-3-6.xiii-xiv&rft.pub=Yoga Vidya&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9716466-3-6&rft.au=James Mallinson&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=73DzK3kTIgEC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ Steven J. Rosen (2011). Food for the Soul: Vegetarianism and Yoga Traditions. ABC-CLIO. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-313-39704-2.28-29&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39704-2&rft.au=Steven J. Rosen&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxyuWvCXONIC&pg=PA28&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ James Mallinson (2004). The Gheranda Samhita: The Original Sanskrit and an English Translation. Yoga Vidya. pp. ix–xvii, 1–2, 16–18, 60–61, 86–91, 113–116, 119–123. ISBN 978-0-9716466-3-6.ix-xvii, 1-2, 16-18, 60-61, 86-91, 113-116, 119-123&rft.pub=Yoga Vidya&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9716466-3-6&rft.au=James Mallinson&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=73DzK3kTIgEC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ Mark Stephens (2011). Teaching Yoga: Essential Foundations and Techniques. North Atlantic. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-1-58394-472-1.17-20&rft.pub=North Atlantic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58394-472-1&rft.au=Mark Stephens&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEuhYwEA_gMC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- ^ Gheraṇḍa; S.C. Vasu (Translator) (1895). The Gheranda Sanhita: A Treatise on Hatha Yoga. Bombay Theosophical.
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Sources
edit- Bahadur, Rai and Srisa Chandra Vasu. 1914-15 The Gheranda Samhita, (source)
- Gerald James Larson; Ram Shankar Bhattacharya; Karl H. Potter (2008). Yoga: India's Philosophy of Meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
- James Mallinson (2011). Knut A. Jacobsen; et al. (eds.). Haṭha Yoga in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3. Brill Academic. pp. 770–781. ISBN 978-90-04-27128-9.770-781&rft.pub=Brill Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27128-9&rft.au=James Mallinson&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gheranda Samhita" class="Z3988">
- Richard Rosen (2012). Original Yoga: Rediscovering Traditional Practices of Hatha Yoga. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-0-8348-2740-0.
External links
edit- Version, interpretation and translation into Spanish, Dr. Fernando Estévez Griego (PDF)
- Translation and commentary by Rai Bahadur Srisa Chandra Vasu, K. Pattabhi Jois school web.archive.org (PDF) (summary)