Georgios Papandreou

For his grandson and former Prime Minister of Greece, see George Papandreou. For the Greek historian and linguist, see Georgios Papandreou (historian).

Georgios Papandreou (Greek: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου Geórgios Papandréou; 13 February 1888 – 1 November 1968) was a Greek politician, the founder of the Papandreou political dynasty. He served three terms as prime minister of Greece (1944–1945, 1963, 1964–1965). He was also deputy prime minister from 1950 to 1952, in the governments of Nikolaos Plastiras and Sofoklis Venizelos. He served numerous times as a cabinet minister, starting in 1923, in a political career that spanned more than five decades.

Georgios Papandreou
Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου
Papandreou in 1968
Prime Minister of Greece
In office 19 February 1964 – 15 July 1965
Monarchs	Paul Constantine II
Preceded by	Ioannis Paraskevopoulos
Succeeded by	Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas
In office 8 November 1963 – 30 December 1963
Monarch	Paul
Preceded by	Stylianos Mavromichalis
Succeeded by	Ioannis Paraskevopoulos
In office 26 April 1944 – 3 January 1945
Monarch	George II
Regent	Archbishop Damaskinos (from December 1944)
Preceded by	Sofoklis Venizelos
Succeeded by	Nikolaos Plastiras
Deputy Prime Minister of Greece
In office 28 August 1950 – 4 July 1951
Prime Minister	Sofoklis Venizelos
Preceded by	himself
Succeeded by	Emmanouil Tsouderos
In office 15 April 1950 – 21 August 1950
Prime Minister	Nikolaos Plastiras
Preceded by	Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
Succeeded by	himself
Minister of Education
In office 18 February 1964 – 15 July 1965
Prime Minister	himself
Preceded by	Georgios Kourmoulis
Succeeded by	Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas
In office 8 November 1963 – 30 December 1963
Prime Minister	himself
Preceded by	Ioannis Sountis
Succeeded by	Georgios Kourmoulis
In office 1 February 1951 – 4 July 1951
Prime Minister	Sofoklis Venizelos
Preceded by	Nicholas Bakopoulos
Succeeded by	Nicholas Bakopoulos
In office 16 January 1933 – 6 March 1933
Prime Minister	Eleftherios Venizelos
Preceded by	Dimitrios Chatziskos
Succeeded by	Alexandros Mazarakis-Ainian
In office 2 January 1930 – 26 May 1932
Prime Minister	Eleftherios Venizelos
Preceded by	Konstantinos Gontikas
Succeeded by	Pericles Karapanos
Personal details
Born	13 February 1888 Kalentzi, Achaea, Greece
Died	1 November 1968(1968-11-01) (aged 80) Athens, Greece
Political party	Liberal Party (1914–1935) Democratic Party (1935–1936) the party ceased to exist due to the declaration of Metaxas' dictatorship Democratic Socialist Party of Greece (1945–1953) Liberal Party (1953–1958) Centre Union (1961–)
Spouse(s)	Sofia Mineyko Cybele Andrianou
Relations	George Papandreou (grandson) Nikos Papandreou (grandson)
Children	Andreas Papandreou Georgios G. Papandreou
Signature

Early life

Papandreou was born at Kalentzi, in the Achaea region of the northern Peloponnese. He was the son of Father Andreas Stavropoulos, an Orthodox archpriest (protopresvyteros). His last name is derived from his father's Christian name and the word papas "priest". He studied law in Athens and political science in Berlin. His political philosophy was heavily influenced by German social democracy. As a result, he was adamantly opposed to the monarchy and supported generous social policies, but he was also extremely anti-communist (and specifically against the KKE's policies in Greece). As a young man, he became involved in politics as a supporter of the Liberal leader Eleftherios Venizelos, who made him governor of Chios after the Balkan Wars. One of his brothers, Nikos, was killed in the Battle of Kilkis-Lachanas.

He married twice. His first wife was Sofia Mineyko, a Polish national, daughter of Zygmunt Mineyko and paternal granddaughter of Stanislaw Mineyko (1802–1857). Their son Andreas Papandreou was born in Chios in 1919. His second wife was the actress Cybele Andrianou and their son was named George Papandreou.

Political career

During the political crisis surrounding Greece's entry into the First World War, Papandreou was one of Venizelos's closest supporters against the pro-German monarch, King Konstantínos I. When Venizelos in 1916 left Athens, Papandreou accompanied him to Crete, and then went to Lesbos, where he mobilised anti-monarchist supporters in the islands and rallied support for Venizelos's insurgent pro-Allied government in Thessaloniki.

The leadership of the 1922 Revolution, Colonels Plastiras and Gonatas, with their political advisor, Geórgios Papandreou senior (left).

In the 1920 general election, Papandreou unsuccessfully ran as an independent liberal in the Lesbos constituency. In 1921 as a lawyer he defended Alexandros Papanastasiou, during a trial for his critic against King Konstantínos. Because of an article calling on King Konstantínos to abdicate, he was imprisoned by the royalist regime and later he narrowly escaped assassination from royalist extremists in Lesbos.

From January to October 1923, he served as interior minister in the cabinet of Stylianos Gonatas. In the December 1923 elections, he was elected as a Venizelist Liberal Party member of parliament for Lésvos, and served as finance minister for just 11 days in June 1925, education minister in 1930–1932 and transport minister in 1933. As minister of education he reformed the Greek school system and built many schools for the children of refugees of the Greco-Turkish War. During the dictatorship of Pangalos, he was again imprisoned.

In 1935, he set up the Democratic Socialist Party of Greece. The same year, a royalist coup by General Geórgios Kondylis took place for the re-establishment of monarchy and he was placed in internal exile. A lifelong opponent of the Greek monarchy, he was again exiled in 1938 by the Greek royalist dictator Ioannis Metaxas.

Following the Axis occupation of Greece in the Second World War, he was imprisoned by the Italian authorities. He later fled to the Middle East and joined the predominantly Venizelist government-in-exile based in the Kingdom of Egypt. With British support, King Geórgios II appointed him as prime minister, and under his premiership took place the Lebanon conference (May 1944) and later the Caserta Agreement (September 1944), in an attempt to stop the crisis in Greece and the conflicts between EAM and non-EAM forces (a prelude of the civil war) and establish a national unity government.

Liberation of Greece and the Dekemvrianá events

Further information: Dekemvriana

Geórgios Papandreou and others on the Acropolis of Athens, after the liberation from the Axis powers.

After the evacuation of Greece by the Axis powers, he entered Athens (October 1944) as Prime Minister of the Greek government-in-exile with some units of the Greek Army and the allied British. During the same month, he became prime minister in the Greek government of National Unity, which had succeeded the Greek government-in-exile. He tried to normalise the highly polarised situation between the EAM and non-EAM forces, collaborating mainly with Lieutenant-General Sir Ronald Scobie, who was, after the Caserta agreement, responsible for all the Allied forces.

Although he resigned in 1945, after the Dekemvriana events, he continued to hold high office. From 1946–1952 he served as labour minister, supplies minister, education minister, finance minister and public order minister. In 1950–1952, he was also deputy prime minister.

The 1952–1961 period was a very difficult one for Papandreou. The liberal political forces in the Kingdom of Greece were gravely weakened by internal disputes and suffered electoral defeat from the conservatives. Papandreou continuously accused Sofoklis Venizelos for these maladies, considering his leadership dour and uninspiring.

Founder of the Centre Union and later confrontation with the Palace

In 1961, Papandreou revived Greek liberalism by founding the Centre Union Party, a confederation of old liberal Venizelists, social democrats and dissatisfied conservatives. After the elections of "violence and fraud" of 1961, Papandreou declared a "Relentless Struggle" against the right-wing ERE and the "parakrátos" (deep state) of the right.

Finally, his party won the elections of November 1963 and those of 1964, the second with a landslide majority. His progressive policies as premier aroused much opposition in conservative circles, as did the prominent role played by his son Andreas Papandreou, whose policies were seen as being considerably left of center. Andreas disagreed with his father on many important issues, and developed a network of political organizations, the Democratic Leagues (Dimokratikoi Syndesmoi) to lobby for more progressive policies. He also managed to take control of the Center Union's youth organization, EDIN.

Papandreou had opposed the Zürich and London Agreement, which led to the foundation of the Republic of Cyprus. Following clashes between the Greek and Turkish communities, his government sent a Greek army division to the island.

King Constantine II openly opposed Papandreou's government, and there were frequent ultra-rightist plots in the Army, which destabilised the government. Finally, the King engineered a split in the Centre Union, and in July 1965, in a crisis known as the Apostasia or Iouliana, he dismissed the government following a dispute over control of the Ministry of Defence.

After the April 1967 military coup by the Colonels' junta led by George Papadopoulos, Papandreou was arrested. Papandreou died under house arrest in November 1968. His funeral became the occasion for a massive anti-dictatorship demonstration. He is interred at the First Cemetery of Athens, alongside his son Andreas.

Legacy

Georgios Papandreou with Nikolaos Plastiras and Gendarmerie officers, 1950

Papandreou was regarded as one of the best orators in the Greek political scene and a persistent fighter for Democracy. During the junta and after his death he was often referred to affectionately as "ο Γέρος της Δημοκρατίας" (o Géros tis Dimokratías, the old man of Democracy). Since his grandson George A. Papandreou entered politics, most Greek writers use Γεώργιος (Geórgios) to refer to the grandfather and the less formal Γιώργος (Giórgos) to refer to the grandson.

Works

• The Liberation of Greece, Athens, 1945

Decorations and awards

In 1965, the University of Belgrade awarded him an honorary doctorate.

See also

• Andreas Papandreou, his son
• George Papandreou, his grandson

Further reading

• Kassimeris, Christos. "Causes of the 1967 Greek coup". Democracy and Security 2#1 (2006): 61–72.
• Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 346–375.

External links

• Newspaper clippings about Georgios Papandreou in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW