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Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony[1] or George (15 January 1893 – 14 May 1943) the last Crown Prince of Saxony, was the heir to the King of Saxony, Frederick Augustus III,[citation needed] at the time of the monarchy's abolition on 13 November 1918.[2] He later became a Roman Catholic priest and a Jesuit.
| Georg | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crown Prince of Saxony | |||||
 Crown Prince George of Saxony in 1911 | |||||
| Born | 15 January 1893 Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony, German Empire | ||||
| Died | 14 May 1943 (aged 50) Groß Glienicke Lake, Berlin, Nazi Germany | ||||
| Burial | Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden | ||||
| |||||
| House | Wettin | ||||
| Father | Frederick Augustus III of Saxony | ||||
| Mother | Archduchess Louise of Austria | ||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||
Early life and education
editGeorg was born on 15 January 1893 in Dresden, capital of Kingdom of Saxony.[citation needed] He was the son of Prince Frederick Augustus, the later King Frederick Augustus III and his wife, Luise, née Archduchess Luise of Austria, Princess of Tuscany. His siblings were the Princes Friedrich Christian and Ernst Heinrich and the Princesses Margarete, Maria Alix and Anna Monika
After his parents divorced in 1903, his father took sole parental responsibility for the children. He emphasised the Christian faith and a Catholic lifestyle. The children were educated by private tutors in a prince's school established by their father at the Saxon court. Most of the teachers were Protestants; this contributed to his later ecumenical attitude. Georg became Saxony's crown prince at age eleven, when his father acceded to the throne in 1904.
After graduating from high school in 1912, Georg studied political sciences for three months at the University of Breslau. He then began to study economics. During this time, he joined the KDSt.V. Winfridia.
First World War
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After completing his studies in 1912, Georg joined the 1st Royal Saxon Leib-Grenadier Regiment No. 100. His friend and fellow officer Ludwig Renn also served in that regiment; at the time, Ludwig still used his birth name Arnold Friedrich Vieth von Golßenau.
Georg held the rank of Captain when he was sent to the front at the start of World War I. He suffered a serious leg injury during the first months of the war.[3] In 1915, Kaiser Wilhelm II granted him the Iron Cross first class "in recognition of the services he rendered in the recent battles.".[3]
On 27 July 1916, he was added to the staff of Army Group Gallwitz. On 30 August 1916, he received the Military Order of St. Henry for his services in this staff.[4]
On 30 November 1917, he was promoted to major and made commander of the 5th Royal Saxon Infantry Regiment "Crown Prince" No. 104. He commanded this regiment on both the Eastern and the Western Front. He held this command until 22 May 1918.
Engaged to be married
editIn the spring of 1918, newspapers announced the prince's engagement to Duchess Marie Amelia, daughter of Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg, the heir to the throne of the Kingdom of Württemberg.[1] The end of the Saxon monarchy and the prince's desire to become a priest apparently led to the end of the engagement. The duchess died unmarried in 1923.[citation needed]
Abolition of monarchy and Jesuit priest
edit
When Germany lost the war, the monarchies in Germany collapsed. Georg's father abdicated on 13 November 1918. This marked a fundamental turning point in his career planning. In 1919, he decided to renounce his rights on the Saxon throne, and become a Catholic priest instead. This decision was very controversial among people who hoped that the monarchy might one day be restored, and also met with significant concerns from the side of the Catholic Church. For example, Franz Löbman, the Apostolic Vicar for Saxony and Lusatia, and Archbishop Adolf Bertram of Breslau initially held that Georg should continue to hold political responsibility for Saxony. Nevertheless, Georg entered the Franciscan Order.[5]
Finding the Franciscan life too intellectually limiting, Georg soon applied to transfer to the Jesuits instead.[5] In the winter semester 1919/20, he studied philosophy at the University of Tübingen. During this period, he joined the A.V. Guestfalia Tübingen. In the next semester, he studied at the University of Breslau.
In the winter semester 1920/21, he began studying theology at the University of Freiburg. He joined the KDSt.V. Hohenstaufen and Saxo-Thuringia. He completed this study in 1923. In the same year, he formally renounced his rights to the Saxon throne and became a Jesuit.[6]
He was ordained a priest in Trzebnica on 15 July 1924 by Bishop Christian Schreiber of Meissen. The next day, he celebrated his first mass at his family's royal palace of Sibyllenort (now in Szczodre, Poland). His uncle Maximilian, also a priest, gave the homily during this service. Thereafter, the young prince was generally known as Pater Georg (Father George) and used the last name von Sachsen.[2][7] After his ordination, George worked as an auxiliary priest in his native Diocese of Meissen.
He then continued his studies at the Jesuit Collegium Canisianum in Innsbruck. In the fall of 1925, he joined the Upper German province of the Society of Jesus, however, in 1927, he switched to the East German province, which included his native Saxony. From 1928 to 1930, he studied at a Jesuit college in Valkenburg.
From 1933, he did pastoral work in Berlin. He helped build up the Jesuit residence Canisius College with the Catholic Gymnasium at Lietzensee. After taking his final vows in Berlin in 1936, he gave lectures and the spiritual exercises all over Germany. In his lectures, he promoted ecumenism and in particular the Una Sancta movement. Among his friends were spiritual leaders of different religions.
Opponent of Nazism
editGeorg opposed Nazism from the beginning. During one of his many lectures, he said in Meissen in 1929, referring to the increasing antisemitic agitation by some right-wing parties: "Love is the order of the day in the relationship between Catholics and Protestant, and also to our Jewish fellow citizens". He found it unbearable that the Nazi Party and after 1933 the state vilified and sought to destroy core values that were important to him personally — monarchical and dynastic Saxon traditions and fundamental values of Western Christianity. He felt that his family honor was offended and his work as a pastor was significantly impeded.
He worked in Berlin where he was credited with protecting Jews from the Nazi regime[8] in notable contrast to his pro-Nazi brothers-in-law, Prince Frederich of Hohenzollern and Prince Franz Joseph of Hohenzollern-Emden.
As critic of the regime and a member of the former Saxon royal family, but in particular as a Catholic priest and a member of the Jesuit order, he was seen as highly suspect by the Nazi regime. He was shadowed by the Gestapo because he helped Jews leaving the country and he helped opposition politicians hiding from the regime. Sometimes, he had to go into hiding himself, and the police searched his home several times. He knew some of the people who later attempted the failed 20 July plot, in particular Ulrich von Hassell and General Paul von Hase. It is not clear whether he actually participated in the resistance.
Death
editThe former prince died on 14 May 1943 apparently while swimming in the Groß Glienicke Lake in Berlin, Germany.[9] Georg's diary was found on the lakeshore with a final Latin entry reading Vado ad patrem,[5] which is the Latin version of a phrase Jesus frequently spoke to his disciples in the Gospel of John and means "I go to the Father" or "I go to my Father."[10] His body was found several weeks after his death. Some people, including his brother Ernst Heinrich expressed doubts that his death had been an accident. Nevertheless, the autopsy determined that he died after suffering a heart attack.[5]
He was buried in the Catholic Church of the Royal Court of Saxony, today known as the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, in Dresden on 16 June 1943. His grave was damaged during the Allied bombing of Dresden in 1945 and later by the floods of August 2002.
Honours
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Kingdom of Saxony:[11]
- Knight of the Rue Crown, 1905[12]
- Knight of the Military Order of St. Henry, 1916
- Commander of the Albert Order, 1st Class
Baden:[11]
- Knight of the House Order of Fidelity
- Grand Cross of the Order of Berthold the First
Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1913[13]
Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order[11]
Kingdom of Prussia:
- Knight of the Black Eagle[11]
- Iron Cross (1914), 2nd and 1st Classes
Hohenzollern: Cross of Honour of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern, 1st Class[11]
Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore[11]
Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Collar[11]
Principality of Reuss-Gera: Cross of Honour, 1st Class[11]
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon[11]
Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1906[14]
Austria-Hungary:[15]
- Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1914
- Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1917
Kingdom of Bulgaria: Knight of the Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius[16]
Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer[11]
Ancestry
edit| Ancestors of Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony |
|---|
Works
editPrinz Georg, 15. Januar 1893–1943, type-written memoirs (in German)
References
edit- ^ a b "PRINCE OF SAXONY TO WED; Heir to Throne Engaged to Duchess Maria Amelie" (PDF). The New York Times. 2 June 1918. p. 18. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ a b "GERMAN PRINCES TAKE TO ALL SORTS OF JOBS; One Is a Jesuit, Another a Playwright, a Third Works for Ford and a Fourth for Hitler". The New York Times. 10 January 1932. pp. E4. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ a b "Kaiser Honors Prince, Confers Highest Iron Cross on George of Saxony" (PDF). The New York Times. 1915-11-02. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ Der Königlich Sächsische Militär-St. Heinrichs-Orden 1736–1918, Ein Ehrenblatt der Sächsischen Armee, Wilhelm und Bertha von Baensch-Stiftung, Dresden, 1937, p.558
- ^ a b c d Dippel, John V.H> (1992-02-28). Two Against Hitler: Stealing The Nazis' Best-Kept Secrets. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-275-93745-4.
- ^ http://www.mazdakan.net/Prince George of Saxony (1893-1943).htm [dead link]
- ^ German Jesuit Calendar Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine George of Saxony. Retrieved on 9 November 2008
- ^ Diocese of Dresden-Meissen Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine(in German) retrieved on 9 November 2008
- ^ To, Telephone (18 May 1943). "LIST SAXON PRINCE DEAD; Berne Hears George Drowned – Body Not Recovered". The New York Times. p. 9. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ "Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay-Rheims and King James Version Side-by-Side Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rangliste de Königlich Preußischen Armee (in German), Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, 1914, p. 161 – via hathitrust.org
- ^ Sachsen (1908). "Königlich Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1908. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 3 – via hathitrust.org.
- ^ "Königliche Orden", Hof- und – Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern (in German), Munich: Druck and Verlag, 1914, p. 10 – via hathitrust.org
- ^ "Königliche Orden", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg, Stuttgart: Landesamt, 1907, p. 31
- ^ "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1918, pp. 51, 56, retrieved 8 September 2020
- ^ Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha 1923 (1923) pp. 108-109