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France–Israel relations

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France–Israel relations are the bilateral ties between the French Republic and the State of Israel. In the early 1950s, the two countries maintained close political and military ties. France was Israel's main weapons supplier until the French withdrawal from Algeria in 1962. Three days before the outbreak of the Six-Day War in 1967, the government of Charles de Gaulle imposed an arms embargo on the region, mostly affecting Israel.[1]

France–Israel relations
Map indicating locations of France and Israel

France
Israel
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of France, Tel AvivEmbassy of Israel, Paris

Under François Mitterrand in the early 1980s, bilateral relations improved greatly. Mitterrand was the first French president to visit Israel while in office.[2] After Jacques Chirac was elected as president in 1995, France's relationship with Israel declined due to his support for Yasser Arafat during the first stages of the Second Intifada.[3] After being elected as president in May 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy said that he would refuse to greet any world leader who does not recognize Israel's right to exist.[4] Relations continued to warm since 2017, under the presidency of Emmanuel Macron,[citation needed] until he stopped the flow of French weaponry to Israel and encouraged others to do so in a conference on 5 October 2024.[5][6][7]

Background

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See also: Napoleon and the Jews

1800s

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French Emperor Napoleon, who was widely revered by Jewish people as a savior for his tolerance

Napoleon, the first and second Emperor of the First French Empire, declared emancipation by his decree allowing Jews to be free to worship their religion and prohibit any kind of persecution on Jewish people, and he obtained the title as a liberator.[8][9] He remains highly respected by Jews even after the establishment of Israel.[10]

1900s

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The Dreyfus affair between 1894 and 1906 was the first and rather bitter connection between the Zionist Movement and France. The ousting of a Jewish French officer in a modern European state motivated Theodor Herzl in organizing the First Zionist Congress and pledging for a home for the Jews in 1897. During the fourth Zionist Congress in London in 1900, Herzl said in his speech there that "...there is no necessity for justifying the holding the Congress in London. England is one of the last remaining places on earth where there is freedom from anti-Jewish hatred." While the British Government began to recognize the importance and validity of the Zionist movement, the French remained absent. Bonds between the Zionist Movement and France strengthened during Germany's occupation of France in World War II due to the common German enemy.[11]

The 1922 census of Palestine lists 716 French speakers in Mandatory Palestine (3 in the Southern District, 497 in Jerusalem-Jaffa, 3 in Samaria, and 213 in the Northern District), including 715 in municipal areas (261 in Jerusalem, 70 in Jaffa, 123 in Haifa, 2 in Gaza, 1 in Hebron, 120 in Nablus, 72 in Nazareth, 2 in Ramleh, 6 in Tiberias, 46 in Bethlehem, 3 in Acre, 4 in Ramallah, 2 in Beit Jala, and 3 in Shafa 'Amr).[12]

History

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1940s–1960s

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June 14, 1960, first meeting between David Ben-Gurion and Charles de Gaulle at Élysée Palace
 
French foreign minister Maurice Couve de Murville with Ben-Gurion

I had forecast that once the Algerian War was over, France would drop Israel like a hot coal and renew its ties with the Arab world. And that, of course, is exactly what happened – Israel adopted the US instead.

After France's liberation by Allied forces, David Ben-Gurion was confident that Charles de Gaulle would assist him in the founding of a Jewish state. On 12 January 1949 France recognized the existence of Israel and supported the decision for Israel to join the United Nations. In 1953 France started selling French weapons to Israel and became one of its closest allies and supporters.[citation needed]. France then shared with Israel a strategic interest against radical Arab nationalism, as it had to cope with nationalist sentiment in its Algerian territories. During the late 1950s France supplied Israel with the Mirage - Israel's most advanced aircraft to date and their first cutting edge combat aircraft.

In October 1957 an agreement was signed between France and Israel about the construction of the nuclear power plant in Israel, which was completed in 1963. Future Israeli President Shimon Peres was the politician who brokered the deal. In Michael Karpin's 2001 documentary A Bomb in the Basement, Abel Thomas, chief of political staff for France's defense minister at the time said Francis Perrin, head of the French Atomic Energy Commission, advised then-Prime Minister Guy Mollet that Israel should be provided with a nuclear bomb. According to the documentary, France provided Israel with a nuclear reactor and staff to set it up in Israel together with enriched uranium and the means to produce plutonium in exchange for support in the Suez War.[14][15]

The Suez Crisis of 1956 marked a watershed for Israeli-French relations.[16][17] Israel, France and the United Kingdom had conspired for control of the Suez Canal.[16][18] Israel initiated a surprise invasion of Egypt, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser from power,[19] as well as reopening the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping and stop Egyptian-sponsored fedayeen raids into Israel.[20] After the fighting had started, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations forced Britain and France to withdraw. Israel wisely held out a few more months until the establishment of UNEF, which ensured freedom of navigation for Israel of the Straits of Tiran.

In the 1960s, with the expulsion of France from North Africa completed in 1962, the shared strategic interest against Arab nationalism dissipated, leading France to take a more conciliatory attitude toward the Arab nations and a correspondingly harsher tone toward Israel. However, work on the nuclear reactor continues with French help. France imposed an arms embargo on Israel before the beginning of the Six-Day War. After the embargo the Israeli Air Force was severely limited in long-term strategic planning and capability, as the embargo caused a shortage in spare parts for most of Israel's French fighter aircraft, which were highly advanced at the time. According to the New York Times, "this double game, however, ended when the Six-Day War in 1967 forced France to pick a side. In a shock to its Israeli allies, it chose the Arab states: despite aggressive moves by Egypt, France imposed a temporary arms embargo on the region — which mostly hurt Israel — and warned senior Israeli officials to avoid hostilities."[21]

The change of sides impaired as well the French-American relationship, as France was seen as an increasingly outdated and aggressive neocolonial power. The USA started to assume its current role as an ally of Israel with the Six-Day War in 1967, while France decided to take sides with the Arab world to improve its relations after the independence of Algeria.[21]

In 1960 Ben-Gurion arrived in France for Israel's first official visit. Until the Six-Day War, France was the main supplier of Israel's weapons. Just before the Six-Day War in June 1967, Charles de Gaulle's government imposed an arms embargo on the region, mostly affecting Israel.[1] In 1969, de Gaulle retired and Israel hoped that new president Georges Pompidou would bring about better relations, but Pompidou continued the weapons embargo, straining the relations once again.

1970s–1990s

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In 1981 François Mitterrand was elected 21st President of the French Republic. Mitterrand was the first left-wing head of state since 1957 and was considered a friend of the Jewish people and a lover of the Bible. In 1982 he visited Israel and spoke in the Israeli parliament, the Knesset.

Both Israel and France deployed their armed forces to Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War.

2000s

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Tzipi Livni and French FM Douste-Blazy, 2006

In 2006 French exports to Israel rose to €683 million ($1.06 billion). France is Israel's 11th-greatest supplier of goods and represents Israel's ninth-largest market. France's main export items are motor vehicles, plastics, organic chemicals, aeronautical and space engineering products, perfumes and cosmetics.[22] The second-largest percentage of tourists that visit Israel come from France.[23]

On February 13, 2008, French president Nicolas Sarkozy spoke at the annual dinner of the French Jewish CRIF (Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France). The address was seen as a sign of newfound warmth between France's Élysée Palace and French Jewry, whose place in French society has been shaken in recent years following a surge in anti-Semitic attacks. "Israel can count on a new dynamic to its relationship with the European Union", said Sarkozy. "France will never compromise on Israel's security."

Israel welcomed Sarkozy's tough stance against the Iran-backed Hamas and Iran-backed Hezbollah. During the 2006 Lebanon War, France played a key role in Europe's efforts to get a quick ceasefire.[24]

On 30 June 2009, Sarkozy urged Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to dismiss Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman from his post, saying "You have to get rid of that man. You need to remove him from this position.”[25]

2010s

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In January 2016 French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius announced that France would convene an international conference with the objective of enabling new Israeli-Palestinian peace talks. He said, however, that if these talks were unsuccessful, then France would recognize a Palestinian state.[26][27] Israeli officials rejected what was considered an ultimatum, while Israeli opposition leaders said the French threat to recognize Palestine was triggered by the current Israeli government's failed diplomacy.[28] France had yet to recognize Palestine.

2020s

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French President Emmanuel Macron with Israeli President Isaac Herzog, 2022

As the Turkish–French rift increased following French President Emmanuel Macron's criticism of Islamist terrorism, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan compared the treatment of Muslims in Europe to Nazi treatment of Jews in World War II. This statement was condemned by Israel, which pointed out the Turkish government's lack of solidarity following the murder of French teacher Samuel Paty and accused the Turkish government of misrepresenting the situation. It further described the differences between Nazi policy in World War II and the French response to terrorism.[29] Israel and France, along with Russia, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Greece, Cyprus and Egypt, have also recently worked against Turkey on various fronts from its treatment of Kurds to the conflicts in Libya and the Syrian civil war.[30][31][32]

In 2020, Macron argued that anti-Zionism is a form of anti-Semitism, elaborating that it "doesn’t mean it becomes impossible to have disagreements, to criticize this or that action by the Israeli government, but negating its existence today is clearly a contemporary form of anti-Semitism".[33]

In October 2023, French President Macron condemned Hamas' actions during the Israel–Hamas war, and expressed his support for Israel and its right to self-defense.[34][35]

In a speech in May 2024, Gabriel Attal, at the time the French Prime Minister, defended Israel and its actions in Gaza. He also criticized Israel's opponents, calling opposition to Israel anti-Semitic, and said that he considered French society to be incomplete without Jews.[36]

On 15 June 2024, France banned Israeli defence companies from exhibiting at the Eurosatory arms fair over the latter's ongoing war in Gaza. The Jerusalem Post reported that the District Court in France also prohibited "any Israeli citizen or intermediary of an Israeli business".[37][38]

On 17 June 2024 according to the Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, "France does not stand by Israel against attacks and murders by Hamas." He stated that Israel is not ready for France to participate in the attempts to reach a settlement between Israel and Hezbollah.[39]

In a conference on 5 October 2024, Macron said that he had stopped the flow of French weaponry to Israel and encouraged other leaders to join his arms embargo. Netanyahu said that Macron's call was a disgrace.[5][6][7]

Cultural, scientific and technical cooperation

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A French fire fighting plane (Bombardier Dash-8) preparing for takeoff in northern Israel

France's cultural, technological and scientific cooperation with Israel is based on bilateral agreements that date back to 1959.

In June 2007 a new French Institute opened in Tel Aviv. In honor of Israel's 60th anniversary of its independence, Israel was the official guest at the annual Book Fair in Paris in March 2008.

Since 2004, network research programs have been launched in medical genetics, mathematics, medical and biological imaging, as well as bioinformatics, with nearly 100 researchers involved in each. New programs are expected to be introduced in the areas of genomics, cancer research, neuroscience, astrophysics and robotics.

As part of the French culinary festival "So French, So Good," 12 respected French chefs visited Israel in February 2013 to work with Israeli chefs and hold master classes.[40]

Resident diplomatic missions

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  •  
    Embassy of France in Tel Aviv
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    Embassy of Israel in Paris

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Cristol, Jay (2002-07-09). "When Did the U.S. and Israel Become Allies? (Hint: Trick Question)". History News Network. The Israelis continued to rely on their French military arms supplier until the 1960s, when Charles de Gaulle came to power. De Gaulle made peace with the Arabs and gave up the French claim to Algeria. DeGaulle then began to mend fences with the Arabs and the first victim of this new reality was the French-Israel connection.
  2. ^ Israel – Western Europe
  3. ^ Hershco, Tsilla: "The French Presidential Elections of May 2007: Implications for French-Israeli Relations", The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, May 29, 2007, http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/docs/perspectives29.pdf Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ "Sarkozy attacks Iran for its stance on Israel". Reuters. February 13, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  5. ^ a b Berman, Lazar (6 October 2024). "Macron speaks with Netanyahu, but doesn't retract his call for arms embargo". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  6. ^ a b "WATCH - 'Shame on them!': PM Netanyahu slams Macron's call for arms embargo on Israel". The Jerusalem Post. 5 October 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  7. ^ a b Comerford, Ruth (6 October 2024). "Gaza war: Macron calls to halt arms deliveries to Israel". BBC News. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  8. ^ Geroulis, Anthony J.; Fournier, John; Petro, Jane A. (2009). "Napoleon, the Liberator of the Jewish People". The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery. 26: 8–10. doi:10.1177/074880680902600104. S2CID 164708682.8-10&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177/074880680902600104&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164708682#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Geroulis&rft.aufirst=Anthony J.&rft.au=Fournier, John&rft.au=Petro, Jane A.&rft_id=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/074880680902600104?journalCode=acsa&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France–Israel relations" class="Z3988">
  9. ^ "Napoleon I and the integration of the Jews in France: Some points of interest".
  10. ^ Shulim, Joseph J. (1945). "Napoleon I as the Jewish Messiah: Some Contemporary Conceptions in Virginia". Jewish Social Studies. 7 (3): 275–280. JSTOR 4615236.275-280&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4615236#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Shulim&rft.aufirst=Joseph J.&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4615236&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France–Israel relations" class="Z3988">
  11. ^ Rubenstein, Richard L., and Roth, John K. (2003). Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy, p.94. Louisville. Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22353-2.
  12. ^ Palestine Census ( 1922).
  13. ^ Avnery, Uri (24 September 2016). [zope.gush-shalom.org/home/en/channels/avnery/1474654260/ "The Saga of Sisyphus"]. Gush Shalom. Retrieved 22 January 2023. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  14. ^ Inigo Gilmore (23 December 2001). "Israel reveals secrets of how it gained bomb". The Telegraph.
  15. ^ "Documentary Says Israel Got Nuclear Weapons From France". Fox News. Associated Press. 2 November 2001.
  16. ^ a b Newman, David (2010-03-28). "Repairing Israel-UK Relations". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
  17. ^ Black, Ian (2010-02-18). "Dubai killing deals another blow to faltering UK-Israel relations". Guardian. London. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
  18. ^ "Israel threatens British boycott". The Times. London.[dead link‍]
  19. ^ Mayer, Michael S. (2010). The Eisenhower Years. Infobase Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 9780816053872.
  20. ^ Chaim Herzog and Shlomo Gazit, The Arab-Israeli wars: War and peace in the Middle East from the 1948 War of Independence to the present (3rd ed. 2008) pp. 113–117
  21. ^ a b Bass, Gary J. (31 March 2010). "When Israel and France Broke Up". The New York Times.
  22. ^ https://blog.euroquity.com/attachment/273812/ [bare URL PDF]
  23. ^ VISITOR ARRIVALS(1), BY COUNTRY OF CITIZENSHIP, Central Bureau of Statistics
  24. ^ Tsilla Hershco and Amos Schupak, France, the EU presidency and its implications for the Middle-East Archived 2010-08-22 at the Wayback Machine, The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Volume 3 No 2, July 19, 2009, pp. 63-73
  25. ^ Russia Today - Sarkozy to Netanyahu: fire your foreign minister
  26. ^ Israel Rejects French Ultimatum The Times of Israel, Jan. 29, 1016
  27. ^ Dorell, Oren (January 29, 2016). "France threatens to recognize Palestinian state if no progress with Israel". USA Today.
  28. ^ "Opposition blames government failings for French recognition threat". The Times of Israel. January 30, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  29. ^ Kahana, Ariel (October 28, 2020). "Israel blasts Erdogan's 'disgusting' comparison of Muslims in France to Jews in WWII". Israel Hayom. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  30. ^ Gabon, Alain (October 30, 2020). "France-Turkey showdown: A battle to shape the regional order". Middle East Eye. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  31. ^ "Turkey Accuses France, Israel of Establishing a 'Terror State' in Syria". Al Bawaba. November 2, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  32. ^ Antonopoulos, Paul (August 15, 2020). "Israeli-Emirati peace deal is a major blow to Turkey's regional ambitions". Greek City Times. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  33. ^ "Israel – Statements by M. Emmanuel Macron, President of the Republic, during his joint press briefing with Mr Reuven Rivlin, President of Israel (Jerusalem, 22 Jan. 2020)".
  34. ^ Bisserbe, Noemie (14 October 2023). "Macron Urges French Unity in Response to Hamas Attack, Israeli Airstrikes". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  35. ^ "Alain Gresh: 'Macron's party has a strong anti-Palestinian position'". Al Jazeera. 18 October 2023.
  36. ^ "French PM attacks the left for giving Israel 'moral lessons' during Gaza war". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  37. ^ "French court bans reps of Israeli defense firms from attending Paris arms show". The Times of Israel. 15 June 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  38. ^ "French court extends ban on Eurosatory 2024 arms conference to employees of Israeli orgs". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2024-06-15. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  39. ^ "Israel's Gallant rejects French initiative to defuse Lebanon tensions". Al Jazeera. 14 June 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  40. ^ Food for Thought, Jerusalem Post
  41. ^ Embassy of France in Tel Aviv
  42. ^ Embassy of Israel in Paris
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