An aerial bomb is a type of explosive or incendiary weapon intended to travel through the air on a predictable trajectory. Engineers usually develop such bombs to be dropped from an aircraft.
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The use of aerial bombs is termed aerial bombing.
Bomb types
editAerial bombs include a vast range and complexity of designs. These include unguided gravity bombs, guided bombs, bombs hand-tossed from a vehicle, bombs needing a large specially-built delivery-vehicle, bombs integrated with the vehicle itself (such as a glide bomb), instant-detonation bombs, or delay-action bombs.
As with other types of explosive weapons, aerial bombs aim to kill and injure people or to destroy materiel through the projection of one or more of blast, fragmentation, radiation or fire outwards from the point of detonation.
Early bombs
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The first bombs delivered to their targets by air were single bombs carried on unmanned hot air balloons, launched by the Austrians against Venice in 1849 during the First Italian War of Independence.[1]
The first bombs dropped from a heavier-than-air aircraft were grenades or grenade-like devices. Historically, the first use was by Giulio Gavotti on 1 November 1911, during the Italo-Turkish War.[2][3]
In 1912, during the First Balkan War, Bulgarian Air Force pilot Christo Toprakchiev suggested the use of aircraft to drop "bombs" (called grenades in the Bulgarian army at this time) on Turkish positions.[citation needed] Captain Simeon Petrov developed the idea and created several prototypes by adapting different types of grenades and increasing their payload.[4]
On 16 October 1912, observer Prodan Tarakchiev dropped two of those bombs on the Turkish railway station of Karağaç (near the besieged Edirne) from an Albatros F.2 aircraft piloted by Radul Milkov, for the first time in this campaign.[4][5][6][7]
During the Mexican Revolution, US inventor Lester P. Barlow convinced General Pancho Villa of the insurgent Villista forces to purchace a plane from which were dropped on trains carrying on Mexican Federal troops. Although the bombs were weak, they launched Barlow's career as an explosives inventor.[8][9]
World War Two
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Aerial bombing saw widespread use during World War Two. A precursor was the 1937 bombing of Guernica by the Nazi German Luftwaffe and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria at the behest of Francisco Franco.[10] The bombs used were a mix of high-explosive bombs and 1 kg (2.2 lb) incendiaries, that Germany would later use also against the UK.
As part of The Blitz Nazi-Germany's Coventry Blitz set a benchmark for destruction that caused Joseph Goebbels to later use the term coventriert ("coventried") to describe similar levels of destruction of enemy cities.
While a single raid of the Coventry Blitz killed almost 600 people, later allied raids using conventional aerial bombs each killed up to tens of thousands of people, with the bombing of Dresden and the bombing of Hamburg as notable examples.
The final stages of World War Two saw the most lethal air raid in history, the bombing of Tokyo where possibly 100,000 or more were killed primarily by incendiary bombs.[11] The majority of these incendiary bombs were the 500-pound (230 kg) E-46 cluster bomb which released 38 M-69 oil-based incendiary bombs at an altitude of 2,500 ft (760 m).[12]
The end of World War Two was brought about with the aerial, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that killed between 150,000 and 246,000 people and which remain the only use of nuclear weapons in an armed conflict.
After World War Two
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An example of extensive use of aerial bombs after World War Two is the U.S. aerial bombing during the Vietnam War, where the amount of bombs dropped was more than three times what the USA dropped during World War II in Europe and Asia.
Technical description
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Aerial bombs typically use a contact fuze to detonate the bomb upon impact, or a delayed-action fuze initiated by impact.
Reliability
editNot all bombs dropped detonate; failures are common. It was estimated that during the Second World War about 10% of German bombs failed to detonate, and that Allied bombs had a failure rate of 15% or 20%, especially if they hit soft soil and used a pistol-type detonating mechanism rather than fuzes.[13] A great many bombs were dropped during the war; thousands of unexploded bombs which may be able to detonate are discovered every year, particularly in Germany, and have to be defused or detonated in a controlled explosion, in some cases requiring evacuation of thousands of people beforehand, see World War II bomb disposal in Europe. Old bombs occasionally detonate when disturbed, or when a faulty time fuze eventually functions, showing that precautions are still essential when dealing with them.
See also
edit- Aerial bombing of cities
- Area bombardment
- Bomber
- Explosive weapons
- Strategic bombing
- Tactical bombing
- Types of aerial bomb
References
edit- ^ Millbrooke, Anne (2006). Aviation History. Jeppesen. pp. 1–20. ISBN 0-88487-235-1.1-20&rft.pub=Jeppesen&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-88487-235-1&rft.aulast=Millbrooke&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Aerial bomb" class="Z3988">
- ^ Grant, R.G. (2004). Flight - 100 Years of Aviation. Dorling-Kindersley Limited. p. 59. ISBN 9780751337327.
- ^ Clark, Christopher (2013). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Harper Collins. p. 243. ISBN 9780062199225.: "Bombs were dropped in small numbers from aeroplanes too, though this was an awkward business, since the aviator had somehow to steer the machine while gripping the bomb between his knees and using his free hand to insert the fuse, before aiming it at the troops below."
- ^ a b Who was the first to use an aircraft as a bomber? (in Bulgarian; photographs of 1912 Bulgarian air-dropped bombs)
- ^ A Brief History of Air Force Scientific and Technical Intelligence Archived 30 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Balkan Wars: Scenes from the Front Lines". Time. 8 October 2012. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ I.Borislavov, R.Kirilov: The Bulgarian Aircraft, Vol.I: From Bleriot to Messerschmitt. Litera Prima, Sofia, 1996 (in Bulgarian)
- ^ "Lester P. Barlow Is Dead at 80; Built World War I Aerial Bomb". New York Times. 6 September 1967 – via TimesMachine.
- ^ "They started here; LESTER BARLOW, Soldier of Fortune". The Globe Gazette. 5 October 1940. p. 18. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2024 – via iagenweb.org.
- ^ "Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 9". Yale Law School. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ Technical Sergeant Steven Wilson (25 February 2010). "This month in history: The firebombing of Dresden". Ellsworth Air Force Base. United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Bradley, F.J. (1999). No Strategic Targets Left. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9781563114830.34-35&rft.pub=Turner Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781563114830&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=F.J.&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr6nn47tDOUC&pg=PA33&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Aerial bomb" class="Z3988">
- ^ Brian Melican (23 April 2018). "'They haven't lost their potency': Allied bombs still threaten Hamburg". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
External links
edit- "bomb" at Encyclopædia Britannica
