On April 9, 2003, during the US invasion of Iraq, a large statue of Saddam Hussein in Baghdad's Firdos Square was destroyed by Iraqi civilians and United States Marines. The event received global media coverage, wherein it came to symbolize the end of Saddam's rule in Iraq.[1]
US government officials and journalists, citing footage of jubilant Iraqis jumping on and sledgehammering the statue, claimed the event symbolized a victory for the United States, but this narrative was undermined by the development of an Iraqi insurgency.[2] A retrospective analysis by ProPublica and The New Yorker concluded that the media had exaggerated both the size and enthusiasm of the crowd, had influenced the crowd's behavior, and subsequently had turned the event into "a visual echo chamber" that promoted an unrealistically positive account of the invasion at the expense of more important news stories.[2][3]
Significance
editIn April 2002, the 12 m (39 ft) statue was erected in honor of the birthday of Saddam Hussein.[4]
In the afternoon of April 9, 2003, a group of Iraqi civilians began to attack the statue. One such futile attempt by sledgehammer-wielding weightlifter Kadhem Sharif Al-Jabbouri particularly caught media attention.[4] Shortly after, an advance unit of the United States Marine Corps from the 3rd Battalion, 4th Marines[5] arrived at Firdos Square, secured the area and made contact with the foreign journalists who had been quartered in the Palestine Hotel at the square. After a couple of hours, the US Marines toppled the statue with a M88 armored recovery vehicle.[6]
According to the book Shooter, the first plan was to attach a cable between the M88 and the statue's torso area. Someone pointed out that if the cable snapped, it might whiplash and kill people. The alternate method chosen was to wrap a chain around the neck.[7] Eventually, the M88 was able to topple the statue which was jumped and stomped upon by Iraqi citizens who then decapitated the statue and dragged it through the streets of the city hitting it with their shoes. The destruction of the statue was shown live on cable news networks as it happened and made the front pages of newspapers and covers of magazines throughout the world – symbolizing the fall of Saddam's government. The images of the statue destruction provided a clear refutation of Information Minister Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf's reports that Iraq had been winning the war.[citation needed]
A green sculpture by Bassem Hamad al-Dawiri, meant to symbolize the unity of Iraq, was installed on the empty plinth in June 2003 and remained there until it was removed and demolished in 2013.[8]
Flags
editBefore the statue was toppled, Marine Corporal Edward Chin of 1st Tank Battalion, 1st Marine Division (attached to 3rd Battalion 4th Marines) climbed the ladder and placed a U.S. flag over the statue's face.[4] According to the book "Shooter", by Coughlin, Kuhlman, and Davis, other Marines of the 3/4 realized the PR disaster unfolding as the formerly cheering crowd became silent, with one woman shouting at the Marines to remove the flag. Kuhlman had appropriated an Iraqi flag as a war trophy during a raid earlier in the war, and quickly unfurled it and headed for the statue. The crowd grabbed this flag and then placed it over the statue.[7]
Conflicting reports
editThe event was widely publicized, but allegations that it had been staged were soon published. One picture from the event, published in the Evening Standard, was digitally altered to suggest a larger crowd.[9] A report by the Los Angeles Times stated it was an unnamed Marine colonel, not Iraqi civilians who had decided to topple the statue; and that a quick-thinking Army psychological operations team then used loudspeakers to encourage Iraqi civilians to assist and made it all appear spontaneous and Iraqi-inspired.[10] According to Tim Brown at Globalsecurity.org: "It was not completely stage-managed from Washington, DC but it was not exactly a spontaneous Iraqi operation."[11]
The Marines present at the time, 3rd Battalion 4th Marines as well as 1st Tank Battalion, maintain that the scene was not staged other than the assistance they provided.[12]
Robert Fisk described the event as "the most staged photo opportunity since Iwo Jima."[13]
Legacy
editThe toppling of Saddam's statue has been compared to an earlier incident during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, when a statue of Stalin was "decapitated" and ultimately torn down to its "boots".[14]
Kadhem Sharif Al-Jabbouri, who helped topple Saddam's statue with a sledgehammer, told BBC News in 2016 that he regretted his part in the event. Al-Jabbouri was a motorcycle mechanic for Saddam who came to despise Saddam's regime after being imprisoned for almost two years for falling out of favor and having around 15 family members killed by the regime. After helping topple the statue, he was disheartened to see the arriving Marines from 3/4 cover its face with an American flag, and claims he gave them the Iraqi flag and insisted they use it instead. He eventually became critical of the subsequent Coalition governance of Iraq, which he described as marked by worsening "infighting, corruption, killing, [and] looting" and, in short, "Saddam has gone, but now in his place, we have 1,000 Saddams." Al-Jabbouri told the BBC he would like the statue of Saddam to be replaced and that he would erect one himself, but feared reprisals for it.[15][16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Baghdad falls to U.S. Forces". Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19.
- ^ a b Maass, Peter (3 January 2011). "The Toppling: How the Media Inflated the Fall of Saddam's Statue in Firdos Square". ProPublica.
- ^ Fisher, Max (January 3, 2011). "The Truth About Iconic 2003 Saddam Statue-Toppling". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
- ^ a b c Lucas, Dean (2007). "Fall of Saddam Hussein's Statue". Famous Pictures Magazine. Archived from the original on July 10, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2007.
- ^ "The Marine who shoved America in Saddam's face — 15 years later". Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
- ^ Göttke, F. Toppled, Rotterdam: Post Editions, 2010
- ^ a b Coughlin, Jack; Kuhlman, Casey; Donald A. Davis (2005). Shooter: The Autobiography of the Top-Ranked Marine Sniper. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312336853. Archived from the original on 2019-12-15. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
- ^ "The Downward Spiral". Spike Art Magazine. September 12, 2017.
- ^ "The Memory Hole > Doctored Photo from London Evening Standard". Archived from the original on November 10, 2004.
- ^ David Zucchino (July 3, 2004). "Army Stage-Managed Fall of Hussein Statue". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2004.
- ^ "I-Team: Toppling of Saddam's Statue Staged?". July 22, 2004. Archived from the original on December 7, 2004.
- ^ Coughlin, GySgt Jack and Kuhlman, Capt. Casey with Davis, Donald A., Shooter: The Autobiography of the Top-Ranked Marine Sniper, St. Martins, hardback edition – 2005, paperback edition – 2006.
- ^ "Lights, camera, rescue". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. May 30, 2003. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012.
- ^ Brunner Don, Kira (2009). "Remembrance of Things Future: From Totalitarianism to Fundamentalism". Engaging Agnes Heller: A Critical Companion. Lexington Books. pp. 80–81. ISBN 9780739122570.
- ^ Kadhim Sharif Hassan Al-Jabbouri (5 July 2016). 'I toppled Saddam's statue, now I want him back'. BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
- ^ Jeremy Bowen (5 July 2016). "Iraq Chilcot inquiry: Bitterness in Baghdad". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
Further reading
edit- Bevan, Robert (2006). The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War. Reaktion Books. pp. 91 ff. ISBN 978-1-86189-319-2.
- Major, Lesa Hatley; Perlmutter, David D. (2005-09-01). "The Fall of a Pseudo-Icon: The Toppling of Saddam Hussein's Statue as Image Management". Visual Communication Quarterly. doi:10.1080/15551393.2005.9687441. ISSN 1555-1393.
- Tunzelmann, Alex von (2021-07-08). "The toppling of Saddam's statue: how the US military made a myth". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-12-07.