The Finnish Operation of the NKVD was a mass arrest, execution and deportations of persons of Finnish origin in the Soviet Union by the NKVD during the period of the Great Purge (1937–1938). It was a part of the larger mass operations of the NKVD which targeted many minority nationalities in the Soviet Union. Different estimations range from 8,000 to 25,000 of Finns killed or disappearing during the repression.[1]
| Finnish Operation of the NKVD | |
|---|---|
| Part of the mass operations of the NKVD during the Great Purge | |
| Location |  Soviet Union |
| Date | 1937–1938 |
| Target | Finns |
Attack type | Ethnic cleansing Prison shootings |
| Deaths | 8,000–25,000 |
| Perpetrators | NKVD |
| Motive | Russification Anti-Finnish sentiment |
Early anti-Finnish campaigns
editSoviet repression of the Ingrian Finns, who are a people closely related to the Finns, started at the same time as the forced collectivization in the Soviet Union in 1928. Between 1929 and 1931, Soviet authorities deported 18,000 people from areas near the Finnish border, consisting of up to 16% of the total Ingrian Finnic population. All remaining Finns in four border parishes were deported in 1936 and replaced with Russians. In 1937, all Finnish-language schools, publications, broadcasts, and Ingrian Lutheran churches were closed down.[2]
The Finnish Operation of the NKVD was preceded by the early anti-Finnish campaigns of 1935–36 which began with the Karelian Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union declaring that "Finnish bourgeois nationalists" must be destroyed. Two prominent Finnish-Soviet politicians Edvard Gylling and Kustaa Rovio were arrested in 1935.[3] Many of the early targets were Red Guards veterans of the Finnish Civil War who now lived in the Soviet Union. Local communist party organizations and military units were reorganized as a part of the purges, and many Finns were expelled from the party.[3] In late 1935, three leaders of the Säde agricultural commune were arrested and their families were exiled to the north of Karelia.[4]
NKVD operation
editThe preparations for the operation started immediately after NKVD Order No. 00447 had been signed in March 1937, although it officially began on 5 August 1937. In the first month, 728 people were arrested.[5] The Karelian troikas and dvoikas were given quotas how many people could be arrested and how many executed. In January 1938, 5,340 people had been arrested, and a new quota of 700 arrests of whom 500 could be executed, was given. The mass arrests continued until 10 August 1938.[6]
The Karelian authorities specifically alleged that Edvard Gylling had "reinforced the enemy lines" by recruiting Finnish Canadian and Finnish American immigrants through the Resettlement Agency. At least 739 Finns who had moved from North America to the Soviet Union were repressed in 1937 and 1938, although the number could be higher according to historian Irina Takala.[7] Almost all North American Finns were found guilty of "counter-revolutionary activity" under Article 58 of the Soviet penal code.[7]
Different estimations range from 8,000 to 25,000 of Finns killed during all of Stalin-era repressions.[1] Finns made up only 3% of the population of the Karelian ASSR, but made up more than 40% of the victims of the Great Purge in Karelia.[8] Mass graves of Finnish victims are located in Sandarmokh and Krasny Bor.[9]
Outside of Karelia, especially the Murmansk Finns were heavily persecuted and the Finnish population almost completely perished in the area.[10] 3,000 Finns were executed in Leningrad as well.[11]
Research
editRussian historian Irina Takala of Petrozavodsk State University has researched the subject in detail since the 1990s. She has commented that the FSB has limited access to relevant archives in the recent years.[12]
In 2020, the Finnish Literature Society launched a new research project Memories of the Stalinist repression which will include interviews of the relatives of the victims.[13] The project will also cooperate with the National Archives of Finland's 5-year research project regarding the fates of Finns in Russia between 1917 and 1964.[14]
See also
edit- The Eternal Road (film) – a depiction of the NKVD purge of Finns
- List of Finnish MPs imprisoned in Russia
References
edit- ^ a b Torvinen, Pekka (27 January 2021). "Stalinin vainoissa kuolleiden tai kadonneiden suomalaisten vaiheiden selvittämistä jatketaan – SKS selvittää myös, millaiset jäljet vaino jätti uhrien jälkeläisiin". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Taagepera, Rein (2013) [1999]. The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State. Routledge. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-136-67808-0.
- ^ a b Takala 2011, p. 148.
- ^ Takala 2011, p. 149.
- ^ Takala 2011, pp. 153–154.
- ^ Takala 2011, p. 155.
- ^ a b Takala 2011, p. 158.
- ^ Takala 2011, pp. 147–148.
- ^ Hakala, Pekka (22 July 2020). "Juri Dmitrijevin havainto kangasmetsässä Karjalassa paljasti yli tuhannen suomalaisen joukkohaudan, ja ehkä juuri siksi häntä uhkaa tänään pitkä vankilatuomio". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Sipola, Timo (18 February 2021). "Agnessa Haikara tutki sukunsa vainoa Venäjällä ja kirjoitti siitä kirjan – sitten kirjapainosta kerrottiin, että turvallisuuspalvelu kiinnostui niistä". Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Koskinen, Jerri (8 September 2015). "Suomalaiset yhä kiinnostuneita Stalinin tapattamista sukulaisistaan". Savon Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Paananen, Arja (6 September 2019). "Irina Takala ehti löytää hyytäviä tietoja suomalaisista – sitten FSB:n arkistot suljettiin tutkijoilta". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "Memories of the Stalinist repression project (2021–2022)". Finnish Literature Society. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "Finns in Russia 1917–1964". National Archives of Finland. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
Bibliography
edit- Takala, Irina (November 2011). "The Great Purge" (PDF). Journal of Finnish Studies. 15 (1–2): 147–161. doi:10.5406/28315081.15.1.2.10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2022.