Wikipedia

Eurasian backflow

The term Eurasian backflow, or Eurasian back-migrations, has been used to describe several pre-Neolithic and Neolithic migration events of humans from western Eurasia back to Africa.[1]

Pre-Neolithic and Neolithic migration events in Africa.[2]

Homo sapiens had left Africa about 70-50,000 years ago,[3][4][5] and between 30,000-15,000 years ago migrated back from the Middle East into Northern Africa. About 3,000 years ago,[6][7] or already earlier between 6,000-5,000 years ago,[8] farmers from Anatolia and the Near East migrated into the Horn of Africa. Signs of this migration can be found in the genomes of contemporary peoples from all over East Africa.[1][9] Moreover, analysis has also recognized that some of the Eurasian ancestry in Northeast Africa could possibly pre-date agriculture, from around ~12-23 ka.[10] Next to Eastern Africa, significant Eurasian ancestry is found in Northern Africa, and among specific ethnic groups of the Horn of Africa, Northern Sudan, the Sahel region, as well as among the Malagasy people of Madagascar. Various genome studies found also evidence for multiple pre-historic back-migrations from various Eurasian populations and subsequent admixture with native groups.[11] West-Eurasian geneflow arrived to Northern Africa during the Paleolithic, followed by other Neolithic migration events.[6] Genetic data on the Taforalt samples "demonstrated that Northern Africa received significant amounts of gene-flow from Eurasia predating the Holocene and development of farming practices".[12] Medieval geneflow events, such as the Arab expansion also left traces in various African populations,[13] but with Neolithization having a much larger demographic impact than Arabization.[14][15]

Map of major prefarming population stratification across the African continent.[16]

The people migrating back to Africa were closely related to the Neolithic farmers who had brought agriculture from the Near East to Europe about 7,000 years ago. This population is also closely related to present-day Sardinians,[1] although studies have made distinctions between the population that brought farming into Europe and Maghreb, and the Levantine related groups that spread southward into East Africa.[17][18] A study from 2020 inferred two sources for the spread of Eurasian admixture in Northeastern Africa, with one associated with pastoralism. The initial phase involved groups originating from the Levant and North Africa that gave rise to the Pastoral Neolithic.[19] Further research has shown that the back-migration into the region was a complex process, identifying multiple origins for the Eurasian component in Northeast African groups today.[20][21]

A report in November 2015 on a 4,500-year-old Ethiopian genome[22][23] had originally overestimated the genetic influence of the Eurasian backflow, claiming that signs of the migration could be found in genomes all over Africa. This mistaken claim was based on a data-processing error and was corrected in February 2016. The West Asian admixture was only predominant in the populations of the Horn of Africa, in particular Ethiopian highlanders, and less relevant or absent in the genetic makeup of West and Central Africans.[9] In addition to intrinsic diversity within the continent borne by population structure and isolation, influxes of Eurasian populations into Africa has been seen as a critical contributor to the existing genetic diversity.[24]

Neanderthal admixture and Eurasian ancestry

edit

An investigation in 2012 discovered that unlike most sub-Saharan Africans, North Africans have similar levels of Neanderthal DNA to South Europeans and West Asians, which is pre-Neolithic in origin, rather than via any recent admixture, as the Neanderthal's genetic signals were higher in populations with an autochthonous 'back-to-Africa' genomic component that arrived 12,000 years ago. These Neanderthal genomic traces do not mark a division between Africans and non-Africans, but rather a division between sub-Saharan Africans and the rest of the modern human groups, including those from North Africa.[25]

In 2016, researchers recognized that the Neanderthal ancestry in African populations, strongly corresponds with the levels of Western Eurasian ancestry. The geneticists elaborated that: "Neanderthal ancestry is not expected in Africa, yet today many Africans carry Neanderthal-derived alleles. The plot shows that the Neanderthal ancestry proportion in Africans is correlated with gene flow from Eurasians. For example, knowing that today Eurasians carry ∼2% of Neanderthal ancestry, we observed that East Africans (Ethiopians) had ∼1% Neanderthal ancestry and ∼50% Eurasian ancestry. Correspondingly, Near Easterners showed a decline in Neanderthal ancestry proportional to their levels of African ancestry."[26]

 
Human dispersals within Africa

Chen, Lu's publication found back-migrations contributed to the signal of Neanderthal ancestry in Africans. Data indicated that back-migrations giving Neanderthal sequences came after the split of Europeans and East Asians, from populations related to the European lineage. The overlap of this ancestral European ancestry and Neanderthal segments was highly significant.[27]

Average Eurasian frequencies in African populations

edit
Estimates in Modern Africans
African Population Group Linguistic Affiliation Proportions of Ancestry
Afrikaaner Indo-European 97.9%[28]
Rashaida Arab Semitic 97.92%[29]
Canarian Indo-European 97.4%[30]
Tunisian Jew Semitic 96.49%[31]
Moroccan Jew Semitic 96.05%[31]
Libyan Jew Semitic 95.76%[31]
Chaoui Berber 85.12 - 87.51%[32]
Moroccan Semitic 80%[33]
Tunisian Semitic 79.37%[31]
Egyptian Semitic 79 - 86%[33][34][35]
Figuig Berber Berber 78.98%[29]
Bouhria Berber Berber 78.68%[29]
Mozabite Berber 77.33 - 82.39%[31][33][32]
Asni Berber Berber 76.99%[29]
Algerian Semitic 76.86 - 82.45%[31][32]
Libyan Semitic 76%[36]
Saharawi Semitic 74.32 - 84.9%[31][36]
Tigrayan Ethio-Semitic 50 - 50.4%[37][38]
Beja Cushitic 50%[39]
Amhara Ethio-Semitic 49.2 - 54%[38][34][40]
Ethiopian Jew Semitic 46.4 - 55.12%[41][31]
Afar Cushitic 46.0%[38]
Kababish Arab Semitic 45.99%[29]
Oromo Cushitic 41.6 - 51%[38][40]
Agaw Cushitic 41 - 50%[42]
Sudanese Arab Semitic 40 - 52.73%[13][29]
Nubian Nilo-Saharan 39.41 - 54.74%[13][29]
Somali Cushitic 38.4 - 44%[38][43][31][40]
Cape Verdean Indo-European 36 - 54%[44][45]
Wolayta Omotic 34.1 - 43%[38][40]
Samburu Nilo-Saharan 32.19%[29]
Datooga Nilo-Saharan 32.17%[31]
Malagasy Austronesian 30 - 68%[46][47]
Baggara Arab Semitic 25.57 - 33.6%[29]
Fulani Niger-Congo 21.4 - 29%[48][49]
Toubou Nilo-Saharan 20 - 31.4%[50][36]
Maasai Nilo-Saharan 18.9 - 26.06%[38][31]
Turkana Nilo-Saharan 18.33%[29]
Aari Omotic 15.7 - 18.2%[38]
Sandawe Khoisan 15.4%[38]
Nama Khoisan 14%[38]
Kikuyu Niger-Congo 13.89 - 18.33%[41][31]
Zaghawa Nilo-Saharan 12.58%[29]
Kalenjin Nilo-Saharan 10.99 - 12.86%[41][29]
Kanembu Nilo-Saharan 10.97%[29]
Hadza Khoisan 6.4 - 12.71%[38][31]
Estimates in Ancient African Samples
African Population Time Period Number Proportions of Ancestry
Canary Islands, Guanche 3rd - 16th Century CE N=40 89.4%[30]
Morocco, SKH (Skhirat-Rouazi) 6733 - 6121 BP N=3 87%[51][52]
Morocco, KTG (Kaf Taht el-Ghar) 7429 - 6945 BP N=4 86%[51][52]
Algeria, Numidian 1 - 700 CE N=1 85.87%[53]
Egypt, Ancient Egyptian 1388 BCE - 426 CE N=3 85 - 94%[35]
Morocco, KEB (Khef el-Baroud) 3000 BCE N=8 81.75%[54]
Tunisia, Carthaginian 650 - 250 BCE N=12 77.33 - 97.3%[55][56]
Sudan, Kulubnarti Nubian 650-1000 CE N=66 46 - 64%[57]
Morocco, IAM (Ifri n'Amar) 5000 BCE N=7 [54]
Morocco, OUB (Ifri Ouberrid) 7660 - 7506 BP N=1 [51]
Morocco, Iberomaurusian 15,100 - 13,900 YBP N=7 46 - 63.5%[42][58]
Kadruka, Sudan, from north of the Kerma culture zone, Nubian 4033 BP N=1 45.2%[59]
Tanzania, Luxmanda 3141 - 2890 BP N=1 37.2 - 39%[60]
Kenya, Pastoral Neolithic 3500 - 1500 BP N=41 30 - 40%[61][62]
Tanzania, Swahili 1250 - 1800 AD N=80 26 - 68%[63]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c "Ancient genome from Africa sequenced for the first time". Popular Archeology. 8 October 2015.
  2. ^ Vicente, Mário; Schlebusch, Carina M (2020-06-01). "African population history: an ancient DNA perspective". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 62: 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 32563853. S2CID 219974966.
  3. ^ Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik M, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, et al. (2016). "Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe". Current Biology. 26 (6): 827–833. Bibcode:2016CBio...26..827P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037. hdl:2440/114930. PMID 26853362. S2CID 140098861.
  4. ^ Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–66. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
  5. ^ Haber M, Jones AL, Connell BA, Arciero E, Yang H, Thomas MG, et al. (August 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup and Its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics. 212 (4): 1421–1428. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMC 6707464. PMID 31196864.
  6. ^ a b Pickrell, Joseph K.; Patterson, Nick; Loh, Po-Ru; Lipson, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Stoneking, Mark; Pakendorf, Brigitte; Reich, David (2014-02-18). "Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (7): 2632–2637. arXiv:1307.8014. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.2632P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313787111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3932865. PMID 24550290.
  7. ^ Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (December 2016). "Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations" (PDF). The American Journal of Human Genetics. 99 (6): 1316–1324. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012. PMC 5142112. PMID 27889059. S2CID 38169172.
  8. ^ Vicente, Mário; Schlebusch, Carina M (2020-06-01). "African population history: an ancient DNA perspective". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 62: 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 32563853. S2CID 219974966.
  9. ^ a b Callaway, Ewen (29 January 2016). "Error found in study of first ancient African genome". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19258.
  10. ^ Hodgson, Jason A.; Mulligan, Connie J.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L. (2014-06-12). "Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa". PLOS Genetics. 10 (6): e1004393. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4055572. PMID 24921250.
  11. ^ Busby GB, Band G, Si Le Q, Jallow M, Bougama E, Mangano VD, et al. (June 2016). "Admixture into and within sub-Saharan Africa". eLife. 5. doi:10.7554/eLife.15266. PMC 4915815. PMID 27324836.
  12. ^ van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (2018-05-04). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507. S2CID 206666517.
  13. ^ a b c Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5587336. PMID 28837655.
  14. ^ Prendergast, Mary E.; Sawchuk, Elizabeth A.; Sirak, Kendra A. (2022-10-19), "Genetics and the African Past", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.143, ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4, retrieved 2024-10-28, Combining ancient and present-day DNA data, this Neolithic demographic transformation was shown to have a greater genetic impact on present-day North Africans than later processes such as Arabization.
  15. ^ Serra-Vidal, Gerard; Lucas-Sanchez, Marcel; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Bekada, Asmahan; Zalloua, Pierre; Comas, David (2019-11-18). "Heterogeneity in Palaeolithic Population Continuity and Neolithic Expansion in North Africa". Current Biology. 29 (22): 3953–3959.e4. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E3953S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.050. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31679935. S2CID 204972040.
  16. ^ Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2018-08-31). "Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 19 (1): 405–428. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759. ISSN 1527-8204. PMID 29727585.
  17. ^ Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (June 2023). "Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant". Nature. 618 (7965): 550–556. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..550S. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10266975. PMID 37286608.
  18. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria (2016-08-25). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
  19. ^ Vicente, Mário; Schlebusch, Carina M (2020-06-01). "African population history: an ancient DNA perspective". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 62: 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 32563853. S2CID 219974966.
  20. ^ Hammarén, Rickard; Goldstein, Steven T.; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2022-08-28). "Eurasian back-migrations into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process": 2022.08.27.505526. doi:10.1101/2022.08.27.505526. S2CID 251956429. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ^ Hammarén, Rickard; Goldstein, Steven T.; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2023-11-08). "Eurasian back-migration into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process". PLOS ONE. 18 (11): e0290423. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1890423H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290423. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10631636. PMID 37939042.
  22. ^ Callaway, Ewen (2015-10-08). "First ancient African genome reveals vast Eurasian migration". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18531. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 181867810.
  23. ^ Llorente, M. Gallego; Jones, E. R.; Eriksson, A.; Siska, V.; Arthur, K. W.; Arthur, J. W.; Curtis, M. C.; Stock, J. T.; Coltorti, M. (2015-11-13). "Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa". Science. 350 (6262): 820–822. doi:10.1126/science.aad2879. hdl:2318/1661894. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26449472.
  24. ^ Choudhury, Ananyo; Aron, Shaun; Sengupta, Dhriti; Hazelhurst, Scott; Ramsay, Michèle (2018-08-01). "African genetic diversity provides novel insights into evolutionary history and local adaptations". Human Molecular Genetics. 27 (R2): R209–R218. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy161. ISSN 0964-6906. PMC 6061870. PMID 29741686.
  25. ^ Sánchez-Quinto, Federico; Botigué, Laura R.; Civit, Sergi; Arenas, Conxita; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Comas, David; Lalueza-Fox, Carles (2012-10-17). "North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals". PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e47765. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3474783. PMID 23082212.
  26. ^ Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2016-12-01). "Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 99 (6): 1316–1324. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 5142112. PMID 27889059.
  27. ^ Chen, Lu; Wolf, Aaron B.; Fu, Wenqing; Li, Liming; Akey, Joshua M. (2020-02-20). "Identifying and Interpreting Apparent Neanderthal Ancestry in African Individuals". Cell. 180 (4): 677–687.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.012. ISSN 1097-4172. PMID 32004458.
  28. ^ Hollfelder, N.; Erasmus, J. C.; Hammaren, R.; Vicente, M.; Jakobsson, M.; Greeff, J. M.; Schlebusch, C. M. (2020-02-24). "Patterns of African and Asian admixture in the Afrikaner population of South Africa". BMC Biology. 18 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-0746-1. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 7038537. PMID 32089133.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fortes-Lima, Cesar et al. (2022) (29 September 2022). "Demographic and Selection Histories of Populations Across the Sahel/Savannah Belt". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39 (10). Supplementary Table S4: Average (and standard deviation) for each component in each population estimated using unsupervised ADMIXTURE analysis at K-group=4. doi:10.1093/molbev/msac209. PMC 9582163. PMID 36173804.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ a b Serrano, Javier G.; Ordóñez, Alejandra C.; Santana, Jonathan; Sánchez-Cañadillas, Elías; Arnay, Matilde; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Amelia; Morales, Jacob; Velasco-Vázquez, Javier; Alberto-Barroso, Verónica; Delgado-Darias, Teresa; de Mercadal, M. Carmen Cruz; Hernández, Juan Carlos; Moreno-Benítez, Marco A.; Pais, Jorge; Ringbauer, Harald (2023-08-15). "The genomic history of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 4641. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.4641S. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40198-w. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10427657. PMID 37582830.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Haak, Wolfgang (2015-06-11). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" (PDF). Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
  32. ^ a b c Vilà-Valls, Laura; Abdeli, Amine; Lucas-Sánchez, Marcel; Bekada, Asmahan; Calafell, Francesc; Benhassine, Traki; Comas, David (2024-05-01). "Understanding the genomic heterogeneity of North African Imazighen: from broad to microgeographical perspectives". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 9979. Bibcode:2024NatSR..14.9979V. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60568-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11063056. PMID 38693301.
  33. ^ a b c Pagani, Luca; Kivisild, Toomas; Tarekegn, Ayele; Ekong, Rosemary; Plaster, Chris; Gallego Romero, Irene; Ayub, Qasim; Mehdi, S. Qasim; Thomas, Mark G.; Luiselli, Donata; Bekele, Endashaw; Bradman, Neil; Balding, David J.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2012-07-13). "Ethiopian genetic diversity reveals linguistic stratification and complex influences on the Ethiopian gene pool". American Journal of Human Genetics. 91 (1): 83–96. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.05.015. ISSN 1537-6605. PMC 3397267. PMID 22726845.
  34. ^ a b Pagani, Luca; Schiffels, Stephan; Gurdasani, Deepti; Danecek, Petr; Scally, Aylwyn; Chen, Yuan; Xue, Yali; Haber, Marc; Ekong, Rosemary; Oljira, Tamiru; Mekonnen, Ephrem; Luiselli, Donata; Bradman, Neil; Bekele, Endashaw; Zalloua, Pierre (2015-06-04). "Tracing the Route of Modern Humans out of Africa by Using 225 Human Genome Sequences from Ethiopians and Egyptians". American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (6): 986–991. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.04.019. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4457944. PMID 26027499.
  35. ^ a b Schuenemann, Verena J.; Peltzer, Alexander; Welte, Beatrix; van Pelt, W. Paul; Molak, Martyna; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Furtwängler, Anja; Urban, Christian; Reiter, Ella; Nieselt, Kay; Teßmann, Barbara; Francken, Michael; Harvati, Katerina; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan (2017-05-30). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5459999. PMID 28556824.
  36. ^ a b c Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Lao, Oscar; Serra-Vidal, Gerard; Santpere, Gabriel; Kuderna, Lukas F. K.; Arauna, Lara R.; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Pimenoff, Ville N.; Soodyall, Himla; Zalloua, Pierre; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Comas, David (2019-04-26). "Whole-genome sequence analysis of a Pan African set of samples reveals archaic gene flow from an extinct basal population of modern humans into sub-Saharan populations". Genome Biology. 20 (1): 77. doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1684-5. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6485163. PMID 31023378.
  37. ^ Kumar, H. R. S.; Haddish, K.; Lacerenza, D.; Aneli, S.; Di Gaetano, C.; Tewelemedhin, G.; Manukonda, R. V.; Futwi, N.; Alvarez-Iglesias, V.; de la Puente, M.; Fondevila, M.; Lareu, M. V.; Phillips, C.; Robino, C. (2020-03-01). "Characterization of ancestry informative markers in the Tigray population of Ethiopia: A contribution to the identification process of dead migrants in the Mediterranean Sea". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 45: 102207. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.102207. hdl:2318/1723024. ISSN 1872-4973. PMID 31812100.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pickrell, Joseph K.; Patterson, Nick; Loh, Po-Ru; Lipson, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Stoneking, Mark; Pakendorf, Brigitte; Reich, David (2014-02-02). "Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (7): 2632–2637. arXiv:1307.8014. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.2632P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313787111. PMC 3932865. PMID 24550290.
  39. ^ Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2018-08-31). "Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 19 (1): 405–428. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759. ISSN 1527-8204. PMID 29727585. S2CID 19155657. The Nubian, Arab, and Beja populations of northeastern Africa roughly display equal admixture fractions from a local northeastern African gene pool (similar to the Nilotic component) and an incoming Eurasian migrant component (53) (Figure 3).
  40. ^ a b c d Walsh, Sandra; Pagani, Luca; Xue, Yali; Laayouni, Hafid; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2020-10-22). "Positive selection in admixed populations from Ethiopia". BMC Genetics. 21 (Suppl 1): 108. doi:10.1186/s12863-020-00908-5. ISSN 1471-2156. PMC 7580818. PMID 33092534.
  41. ^ a b c Llorente, M. Gallego; Jones, E. R.; Eriksson, A.; Siska, V.; Arthur, K. W.; Arthur, J. W.; Curtis, M. C.; Stock, J. T.; Coltorti, M.; Pieruccini, P.; Stretton, S.; Brock, F.; Higham, T.; Park, Y.; Hofreiter, M. (2015-11-13). "Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa". Science. 350 (6262): 820–822. doi:10.1126/science.aad2879. hdl:2318/1661894. ISSN 0036-8075.
  42. ^ a b Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Asombang, Raymond Neba’ane; Bocherens, Hervé; Bradman, Neil; Culleton, Brendan J. (January 2020). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history". Nature. 577 (7792): 665–670. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8386425. PMID 31969706.
  43. ^ Ali, Abshir A.; Aalto, Mikko; Jonasson, Jon; Osman, Abdimajid (2020-03-27). "Genome-wide analyses disclose the distinctive HLA architecture and the pharmacogenetic landscape of the Somali population". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 5652. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5652A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62645-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7101338. PMID 32221414.
  44. ^ Beleza, Sandra; Campos, Joana; Lopes, Jailson; Araújo, Isabel Inês; Hoppfer Almada, Ana; e Silva, António Correia; Parra, Esteban J.; Rocha, Jorge (2012-11-30). "The Admixture Structure and Genetic Variation of the Archipelago of Cape Verde and Its Implications for Admixture Mapping Studies". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e51103. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...751103B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051103. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3511383. PMID 23226471.
  45. ^ Laurent, Romain; Szpiech, Zachary A; da Costa, Sergio S; Thouzeau, Valentin; Fortes-Lima, Cesar A; Dessarps-Freichey, Françoise; Lémée, Laure; Utgé, José; Rosenberg, Noah A; Baptista, Marlyse; Verdu, Paul (2023-04-25). Huerta-Sanchez, Emilia; Przeworski, Molly; Huerta-Sanchez, Emilia; Zhang, Xinjun (eds.). "A genetic and linguistic analysis of the admixture histories of the islands of Cabo Verde". eLife. 12: e79827. doi:10.7554/eLife.79827. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 10322156. PMID 37096877.
  46. ^ Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry; Kivisild, Toomas (2014-01-21). "Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (3): 936–941. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111..936P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321860111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3903192. PMID 24395773.
  47. ^ Pierron, Denis; Heiske, Margit; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Rakoto, Ignace; Rabetokotany, Nelly; Ravololomanga, Bodo; Rakotozafy, Lucien M.-A.; Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy; Razafiarivony, Michel; Rasoarifetra, Bako; Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina; Razafindralambo, Lolona; Ramilisonina; Fanony, Fulgence; Lejamble, Sendra (2017-08-08). "Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (32): E6498–E6506. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E6498P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704906114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5559028. PMID 28716916.
  48. ^ Vicente, Mário; Priehodová, Edita; Diallo, Issa; Podgorná, Eliška; Poloni, Estella S.; Černý, Viktor; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2019-12-02). "Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait". BMC Genomics. 20 (1): 915. doi:10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 6888939. PMID 31791255.
  49. ^ Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Asombang, Raymond Neba’ane; Bocherens, Hervé; Bradman, Neil; Culleton, Brendan J. (2020-01-22). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history" (PDF). Nature. 577 (7792): 665–670. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8386425. PMID 31969706.
  50. ^ Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2016-12-01). "Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 99 (6): 1316–1324. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 5142112. PMID 27889059.
  51. ^ a b c Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (June 2023). "Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant". Nature. 618 (7965): 550–556. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..550S. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10266975. PMID 37286608.
  52. ^ a b Simões, Luciana G et al. (2023) (2023). "Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant" (PDF). Nature. 618 (7965): 550–556. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..550S. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6. PMC 10266975. PMID 37286608.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  53. ^ Antonio, Margaret L; Weiß, Clemens L; Gao, Ziyue; Sawyer, Susanna; Oberreiter, Victoria; Moots, Hannah M; Spence, Jeffrey P; Cheronet, Olivia; Zagorc, Brina; Praxmarer, Elisa; Özdoğan, Kadir Toykan; Demetz, Lea; Gelabert, Pere; Fernandes, Daniel; Lucci, Michaela (2024). "Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility". eLife. 13: e79714. doi:10.7554/eLife.79714. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 10827293. PMID 38288729.
  54. ^ a b Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra (2018-06-26). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (26): 6774–6779. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6774F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1800851115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6042094. PMID 29895688.
  55. ^ Moots, Hannah M.; Antonio, Margaret; Sawyer, Susanna; Spence, Jeffrey P.; Oberreiter, Victoria; Weiß, Clemens L.; Lucci, Michaela; Cherifi, Yahia Mehdi Seddik; La Pastina, Francesco; Genchi, Francesco; Praxmeier, Elisa; Zagorc, Brina; Cheronet, Olivia; Özdoğan, Kadir T.; Demetz, Lea (2023-09-07). "A genetic history of continuity and mobility in the Iron Age central Mediterranean". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 7 (9): 1515–1524. Bibcode:2023NatEE...7.1515M. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02143-4. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 37592021.
  56. ^ Moots, Hannah M et al. (2023) (2023-09-07). "A genetic history of continuity and mobility in the Iron Age central Mediterranean" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 7 (9): 1515–1524. Bibcode:2023NatEE...7.1515M. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02143-4. PMID 37592021. At Kerkouane, a Carthaginian town on the Cap Bon peninsula in Tunisia (see extended description in Materials), we observe a highly heterogeneous population, spanning across the PCA space in Fig. 3 from modern Mozabite populations to modern Sicilian populations, consisting of three primary genetic clusters.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  57. ^ Sirak, Kendra A.; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Mah, Matthew; Olalde, Iñigo; Ringbauer, Harald; Rohland, Nadin; Hadden, Carla S.; Harney, Éadaoin; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly; Ferry, Matthew (2021-12-14). "Social stratification without genetic differentiation at the site of Kulubnarti in Christian Period Nubia". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 7283. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.7283S. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27356-8. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8671435. PMID 34907168.
  58. ^ van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (4 May 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507. S2CID 206666517.
  59. ^ Wang, Ke; Bleasdale, Madeleine; Le Moyne, Charles; Freund, Cacilia; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Schiffels, Stephan (2022-12-03). "4000-year-old hair from the Middle Nile highlights unusual ancient DNA degradation pattern and a potential source of early eastern Africa pastoralists". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 20939. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1220939W. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25384-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9719486. PMID 36463384.
  60. ^ Skoglund; et al. (September 21, 2017). "Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure". Cell. 171 (1): 59–71. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049. PMC 5679310. PMID 28938123.
  61. ^ Wang, Ke; Goldstein, Steven; Bleasdale, Madeleine; Clist, Bernard; Bostoen, Koen; Bakwa-Lufu, Paul; Buck, Laura T.; Crowther, Alison; Dème, Alioune; McIntosh, Roderick J.; Mercader, Julio; Ogola, Christine; Power, Robert C.; Sawchuk, Elizabeth; Robertshaw, Peter (2020-06-12). "Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa". Science Advances. 6 (24): eaaz0183. Bibcode:2020SciA....6..183W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7292641. PMID 32582847.
  62. ^ Prendergast, Mary E.; Lipson, Mark; Sawchuk, Elizabeth A.; Olalde, Iñigo; Ogola, Christine A.; Rohland, Nadin; Sirak, Kendra A.; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly (2019-07-05). "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448): eaaw6275. Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P. doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405.
  63. ^ Brielle, Esther S.; Fleisher, Jeffrey; Wynne-Jones, Stephanie; Sirak, Kendra; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kim; Curtis, Elizabeth; Iliev, Lora; Lawson, Ann Marie; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Stewardson, Kristin; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Ayodo, George (2023). "Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast". Nature. 615 (7954): 866–873. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..866B. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 10060156. PMID 36991187.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_backflow&oldid=1258704828"