Wikipedia

Eupalinos

Eupalinos (Ancient Greek: Εὐπαλῖνος) or Eupalinus of Megara was an ancient Greek engineer who built the Tunnel of Eupalinos on Samos Island[1]: 27 [2] in the late 6th century BC[1]: 27 . Though the construction of the tunnel has been attributed to the tyrant Polycrates of Samos[1]: 27 , it is now considered to be a later construction and having been built between 550 and 530 BC[3]: 149 . In any case, the tunnel was, and is, regarded as a major feat of engineering[3]: 149 .

Tunnel of Eupalinos
Entrance of tunnel

The tunnel 1,036 m (3,399 ft) long[citation needed] conveyed water from a spring near Mount Kastro through the mountain into the ancient city of Samos (modern Pythagoreio)[3]: 149 [1]: 27 . It was the longest one of its time[citation needed] and it still exists. The tunnel was excavated from both ends[1]: 27 [4]: 173 , but it is not the first one known to be built in this manner -- a tunnel channeling water to Jerusalem was built from both ends at the same time earlier, in the 8th century BC[4]: 173 .

The route of the tunnel does not follow a direct line -- for several hundred meters on both ends it does follow a straight line, but in the middle third there are several turns[1]: 29 [3]: 150 . Additionally, the tunnel has two parts: A main tunnel and a trench running along the left side of the main tunnel[1]: 27 . The main tunnel is 1.8 m × 1.8 m (5.9 ft × 5.9 ft) square in cross-section[1]: 27 . And, while the main tunnel is horizontal, the trench gets progressively deeper with an average gradient of 0.4% and gets from 3.5 to 8.5 m (11 to 28 ft) deep[1]: 28 [3]: 150 . On the bottom of the trench ran terracotta pipeline carrying the water[1]: 27 [3]: 149 .

Eupalinos is considered the first hydraulic engineer in history whose name has been passed down. Apart from that, though, nothing more is known about him.[5]

Efpalinos Tunnel, a road tunnel built under the Geraneia mountains in Corinthia and completed in 2017, is named after Eupalinos.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hodge, Trevor A. Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply. 61 Frith Street, London WlD 3JL: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-7156-3171-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. ^ Herodotus (1920). "3.60.3". Histories. Vol. 2. Translated by Godley, A. D. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Harry B. Evans (1999). "Review of Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos auf Samos by Hermann J. Kienast". American Journal of Archaeology. 103 (1).
  4. ^ a b Alfred Burns (1971). "The Tunnel of Eupalinus and the Tunnel Problem of Hero of Alexandria". Isis. 62 (2).
  5. ^ Tom Apostol, p.33

Further reading

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  • Olson, Åke (2012). "How Eupalinos navigated his way through the mountain: An empirical approach to the geometry of Eupalinos". Anatolia Antiqua. XX. Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes: 25–34. doi:10.3406/anata.2012.1323.25-34&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info:doi/10.3406/anata.2012.1323&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Åke&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eupalinos" class="Z3988">
  • Apostol, Tom (2004). "The Tunnel of Samos" (PDF). Engineering and Science. 67 (1): 30–40.30-40&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Apostol&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/4106/1/Samos.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eupalinos" class="Z3988">
  • Burns, Alfred (1971). "The Tunnel of Eupalinus and the Tunnel Problem of Hero of Alexandria". Isis. 62 (2): 172–185. doi:10.1086/350729. S2CID 145064628.172-185&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086/350729&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145064628#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eupalinos" class="Z3988">
  • Goodfield, June; Toulmin, Stephen (1965). "How Was the Tunnel of Eupalinus Aligned?". Isis. 56 (1): 46–55. doi:10.1086/349924. S2CID 145662351.46-55&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086/349924&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145662351#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Goodfield&rft.aufirst=June&rft.au=Toulmin, Stephen&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eupalinos" class="Z3988">
  • Goodfield, June (June 1964). "The Tunnel of Eupalinus". Scientific American. 210 (6): 104–110. Bibcode:1964SciAm.210f.104G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0664-104.104-110&rft.date=1964-06&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/scientificamerican0664-104&rft_id=info:bibcode/1964SciAm.210f.104G&rft.aulast=Goodfield&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eupalinos" class="Z3988">
  • Kienast, Hermann J.; Bernd Meissner (1995). Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos auf Samos (in German). Bonn: Habelt (in Komm.). ISBN 3-7749-2713-8.
  • Legon, Ronald P. (1981). Megara : the political history of a Greek city-state to 336 B.C. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1370-2.
  • Mitchell, B. M. (1973). "Herodotus and Samos". Journal of Hellenic Studies. 95: 75–91. doi:10.2307/630871. JSTOR 630871. S2CID 162925054.75-91&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162925054#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/630871#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/630871&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=B. M.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eupalinos" class="Z3988">
  • Shipley, Graham (1987). A history of Samos, 800-188 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814868-2.
  • Van der Waerden, B. L. (1968). "Eupalinos and His Tunnel". Isis. 59 (1): 82–83. doi:10.1086/350338. S2CID 224832741.82-83&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086/350338&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224832741#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Van der Waerden&rft.aufirst=B. L.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eupalinos" class="Z3988">
  • White, K.D. (1984). Greek and Roman technology. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1439-3.
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