Wikipedia

Erie County, New York

For other counties in the United States named Erie County, see Erie County, Pennsylvania and Erie County, Ohio.

Erie County is a county along the shore of Lake Erie in western New York State. As of the 2020 census, the population was 954,236.[1] However, in the 2023 census, the Erie County population was 946,147.[2] The county seat is Buffalo, which makes up about 28% of the county's population.[3] Both the county and Lake Erie were named for the regional Iroquoian language-speaking Erie tribe of Native Americans, who lived in the area before 1654. They were later pushed out by the more powerful Iroquoian nations tribes. The county is part of the Western New York region of the state.

Erie County
County
Left to right from top: Erie County Hall, Wendt Beach Park, Akron Falls Park, Chestnut Ridge Park, Canisius University, Gateway Park, Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens
Flag of Erie County
Flag
Official seal of Erie County
Seal
Map of New York highlighting Erie County
Location within the U.S. state of New York
Map of the United States highlighting New York
New York's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 42°45′N 78°47′W / 42.75°N 78.78°W / 42.75; -78.78
Country United States
State New York
Founded1821
Named forEriechronon
SeatBuffalo
Largest cityBuffalo
Government
 • County ExecutiveMark Poloncarz (D)
Area
 • Total
1,227 sq mi (3,180 km2)
 • Land1,043 sq mi (2,700 km2)
 • Water184 sq mi (480 km2)  15%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
954,236 Increase
 • Density914.9/sq mi (353.2/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional districts23rd, 26th
Websiteerie.gov Edit this at Wikidata

Erie County, along with its northern neighbor Niagara County, makes up the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the second largest in the State of New York behind New York City. The county's southern part is known as the Southtowns.[4] The county has seen one of the highest growth rates of any county in the State of New York from the 2010 to 2020 census, although, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Erie County has faced some population decline.[5] Due to the harsh econmic hit many businesses dealt with, leaving them to either close down completely or move to a larger city.

History

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When counties were established by the English colonial authorities in the Province of New York in 1683, present-day Erie County was inhabited by the Iroquois. Significant colonization by White Americans did not begin until after the United States had gained independence with the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783.[6] The U.S. forced the Iroquois to cede most of their lands, as many had been allies of the British during the conflict.

About 1800, the Holland Land Company, formed by American businessmen and their Dutch associates, extinguished aboriginal claims by purchasing the land from New York, acquired the title to the territory of what are today the eight westernmost counties of New York, surveyed their holdings, established towns and began selling lots to individuals. The state was eager to attract settlers and have homesteads and businesses developed. At this time, all of western New York was included in Ontario County.

As the population increased, the state legislature created Genesee County in 1802 out of part of Ontario County. In 1808, Niagara County was created out of Genesee County. In 1821, Erie County was created out of Niagara County, encompassing all the land between Tonawanda Creek and Cattaraugus Creek.[7] The first towns formed in present-day Erie County were the Town of Clarence and the Town of Willink. Clarence and Willink comprised the northern and southern portions of Erie county, respectively. Clarence is still a distinct town, but Willink was quickly subdivided into other towns. When Erie County was established in 1821, it consisted of the towns of Amherst, Aurora, Boston, Clarence, Collins, Concord, Eden, Evans, Hamburg, Holland, Sardinia and Wales.

The county has a number of houses and other properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, New York.[8]

In 1861, the hamlet of Town Line in the Town of Lancaster voted 85–40 to secede from the Union.[9] Town Line never sought admission into the Confederate States of America and there is no evidence that men from the community ever fought for the Confederacy. Some reporting from that time indicates the vote was a joke. On January 24, 1946, as part of a nationally reported event, Town Line voted to officially return to the Union after 85 years of Union secession.[10]

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,227 square miles (3,180 km2), of which 1,043 square miles (2,700 km2) (85%) is land and 184 square miles (480 km2) (15%) is water.[11]

Erie County is in the western portion of upstate New York, bordering on the lake of the same name. Part of the industrial area that has included Buffalo, it is the most populous county in upstate New York outside of the New York City metropolitan area. The county also lies on the international border between the United States and Canada, bordering the Province of Ontario.

The northern border of the county is Tonawanda Creek. Part of the southern border is Cattaraugus Creek. Other major streams include Buffalo Creek (Buffalo River), Cayuga Creek, Cazenovia Creek, Scajaquada Creek, Eighteen Mile Creek and Ellicott Creek. The county's northern half, including Buffalo and its suburbs, is known as the Northtowns and is relatively flat and rises gently up from the lake. The southern half, known as the Southtowns,[4] is much hillier. It has the northwesternmost foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. The highest elevation in the county is a hill in the Town of Sardinia that tops out at around 1,940 feet (590 m) above sea level. The lowest ground is about 560 feet (170 m), on Grand Island at the Niagara River. The Onondaga Escarpment runs through the northern part of Erie County.

Rivers, streams and lakes

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Adjacent counties and municipality

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Major highways

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Erie County routes

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Main article: List of county routes in Erie County, New York

National protected area

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State protected areas

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Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
183035,719—
184062,46574.9%
1850100,99361.7%
1860141,97140.6%
1870178,69925.9%
1880219,88423.0%
1890322,98146.9%
1900433,68634.3%
1910528,98522.0%
1920634,68820.0%
1930762,40820.1%
1940798,3774.7%
1950899,23812.6%
19601,064,68818.4%
19701,113,4914.6%
19801,015,472−8.8%
1990968,532−4.6%
2000950,265−1.9%
2010919,040−3.3%
2020954,2363.8%
2022 (est.)950,312[12]−0.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[13]
1790-1960[14] 1900-1990[15]
1990-2000[16] 2010-2014[1]

As of the 2023,[17] there were 954,236 people living in the county. The population density was 915 inhabitants per square mile (353/km2). There were 438,747 housing units at an average density of 421 per square mile (163/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 77.8 White, 13.9% Black or African American, 0.8% Native American, 5.0% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.4% from other races and 5.4% from two or more races. 6.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.6% were of German, 17.2% Polish, 14.9% Italian, 11.7% Irish and 5.0% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 91.1% spoke English, 3% Spanish and 1.6% Polish as their first language.

 
Erie County population[18]

There were 380,873 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.5% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present and 36.1% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.04. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% older than 65. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $38,567 and the median income for a family was $49,490. Males had a median income of $38,703 versus $26,510 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,357. About 9.2% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.3% of those under 18 and 7.8% of those older than 65.

2020 census

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Erie County racial composition[19]
Race Num. Perc.
White (NH) 678,236 71%
Black or African American (NH) 129,874 13.6%
Native American (NH) 4,667 0.5%
Asian (NH) 46,090 4.83%
Pacific Islander (NH) 199 0.02%
Other/mixed (NH) 35,512 3.72%
Hispanic or Latino 59,658 6.25%

County government and politics

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Prior to 1936, Erie County predominantly backed Republican Party candidates, with only four Democratic Party candidates winning the county in a presidential election - James Buchanan in 1856, George B. McClellan in 1864, Grover Cleveland in 1892 and Woodrow Wilson in 1912. However, starting with the 1936 election, it has turned predominantly Democratic since then, with only two Republicans carrying the county in a presidential election-- Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 and Richard Nixon in 1972, with Nixon being the most recent. In 2016, like many other counties in the Rust Belt, Donald Trump expanded the Republican vote share thanks to his appeal to working-class whites and Ethnic-Catholic voters, keeping the margin in single digits for the first time since 1984. Four years later, in 2020, Joe Biden won 267,270 votes in Erie County, more than Barack Obama in 2008. Biden's margin of victory, however, was smaller than Obama's 2008 victory within the county and Trump's margin, though declining, was still higher than any Republican since 1988 (aside from his 2016 margin).

United States presidential election results for Erie County, New York[20]
Year Republican / Whig Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 204,774 44.54% 248,651 54.08% 6,364 1.38%
2020 197,552 41.73% 267,270 56.46% 8,596 1.82%
2016 188,303 44.45% 215,456 50.86% 19,866 4.69%
2012 169,675 40.97% 237,356 57.31% 7,164 1.73%
2008 178,815 40.46% 256,299 57.99% 6,871 1.55%
2004 184,423 41.43% 251,090 56.41% 9,625 2.16%
2000 160,176 37.72% 240,176 56.56% 24,302 5.72%
1996 132,343 32.26% 224,554 54.74% 53,337 13.00%
1992 129,444 28.67% 196,233 43.46% 125,819 27.87%
1988 188,796 43.83% 238,779 55.43% 3,217 0.75%
1984 222,882 48.28% 237,631 51.47% 1,158 0.25%
1980 169,209 40.24% 215,283 51.20% 35,981 8.56%
1976 220,310 48.65% 229,397 50.66% 3,136 0.69%
1972 256,462 53.88% 218,105 45.82% 1,456 0.31%
1968 167,853 37.04% 250,054 55.18% 35,258 7.78%
1964 125,962 26.71% 344,910 73.14% 704 0.15%
1960 211,957 43.30% 277,203 56.62% 404 0.08%
1956 292,657 63.68% 166,930 36.32% 0 0.00%
1952 253,927 56.32% 196,378 43.56% 550 0.12%
1948 175,118 45.68% 197,618 51.55% 10,636 2.77%
1944 185,975 48.53% 195,905 51.12% 1,355 0.35%
1940 183,664 49.05% 189,779 50.68% 992 0.26%
1936 152,312 44.51% 183,555 53.64% 6,341 1.85%
1932 141,059 49.86% 131,012 46.31% 10,859 3.84%
1928 144,726 51.36% 126,449 44.87% 10,614 3.77%
1924 112,070 58.53% 40,780 21.30% 38,630 20.17%
1920 99,762 63.22% 40,436 25.63% 17,598 11.15%
1916 53,638 52.35% 45,622 44.53% 3,200 3.12%
1912 19,185 22.54% 33,518 39.38% 32,410 38.08%
1908 52,182 52.36% 45,185 45.34% 2,293 2.30%
1904 49,669 55.73% 36,582 41.04% 2,881 3.23%
1900 44,767 51.66% 39,833 45.97% 2,057 2.37%
1896 45,612 58.57% 30,172 38.74% 2,095 2.69%
1892 32,340 47.28% 32,431 47.41% 3,632 5.31%
1888 31,612 51.06% 29,543 47.71% 762 1.23%
1884 26,249 50.49% 24,759 47.62% 985 1.89%
1880 24,199 53.20% 20,848 45.83% 442 0.97%
1876 20,300 50.85% 19,533 48.93% 90 0.23%
1872 17,831 58.74% 12,467 41.07% 58 0.19%
1868 15,822 52.26% 14,454 47.74% 0 0.00%
1864 13,061 49.42% 13,370 50.58% 0 0.00%
1860 12,430 53.31% 10,885 46.69% 0 0.00%
1856 6,902 34.58% 7,536 37.76% 5,520 27.66%
1852 8,025 51.55% 7,033 45.18% 510 3.28%
1848 7,647 57.12% 3,360 25.10% 2,381 17.78%
1844 6,905 55.82% 5,050 40.82% 415 3.35%
1840 6,787 64.56% 3,687 35.07% 38 0.36%
1836 4,882 64.72% 2,661 35.28% 0 0.00%
1832 4,324 70.46% 1,813 29.54% 0 0.00%
1828 3,331 72.48% 1,265 27.52% 0 0.00%

Erie County executives

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Name Party Term
Edward C. Rath Republican 1962–1969
B. John Tutuska Republican 1969–1971
Edward Regan Republican 1972–1978
Ed Rutkowski Republican 1979–1987
Dennis Gorski Democratic 1988–1999
Joel Giambra Republican 2000–2007
Chris Collins Republican 2008–2011
Mark Poloncarz Democratic 2012–Present

Elected officials

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Office Name Party Hometown
County Executive Mark Poloncarz Democratic Buffalo
County Comptroller Kevin R. Hardwick Democratic Tonawanda
County Clerk Mickey Kearns Republican Buffalo
District Attorney John J. Flynn Democratic Buffalo
County Sheriff John C. Garcia Republican Buffalo

County legislature

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As of 2024, there are seven Democrats, three Republicans, and one Conservative in the county legislature.

District Title Name Party Hometown
1[21] Howard Johnson Democratic Buffalo
2[22] Chairwoman April McCants-Baskin Democratic Buffalo
3[23] Michael Kooshoian Democratic Kenmore
4[24] John Bargnesi Democratic Town of Tonawanda
5[25] Jeanne Vinal Democratic Amherst
6[26] Archived November 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Christopher D. Greene Republican Clarence
7[27] Majority Leader Timothy J. Meyers Democratic Cheektowaga
8[28] Frank J. Todaro Republican Lancaster
9[29] John Gilmour Democratic Hamburg
10[30] James Malczewski Conservative Elma
11[31] Minority Leader John J. Mills Republican Orchard Park

Education

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School districts

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See also: List of school districts in New York

School districts include:[32]

"Special act" school districts

As of the 2010 U.S. Census, some parts of this county were not in a defined school district, with some undefined land and some undefined water.[34]

Higher education

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Attractions and recreation

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Erie County is home to three professional teams—the NFL's Buffalo Bills, the NHL's Buffalo Sabres and the NLL's Buffalo Bandits, along with Division I's Buffalo Bulls and MILB's Buffalo Bisons. The city of Buffalo also features the Buffalo Zoo, The Buffalo History Museum, Burchfield-Penney Art Center and Albright-Knox Art Gallery (all located within a mile of each other in the Delaware Park System), Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens and Buffalo Museum of Science, the Frank Lloyd Wright's Martin House Complex in addition to tourist districts such as Canalside and Larkinville. The Erie County Fair, held every August in the Town of Hamburg from 1820 to 2024 (the 2020 event, like much everything else across the country, was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic), is one of the largest county fairs in the United States.[35]

Erie County Department of Parks, Recreation and Forestry

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The Erie County Department of Parks, Recreation and Forestry was established in 1925 with four parks spanning 2,280 acres (9.2 km2). As of 2003, the county managed 38 properties, totaling approximately 11,000 acres (45 km2) of land. Management objectives include providing and maintaining recreational space and the conservation of the county's natural and historic resources.[36] A 2003 Master Plan identified several broad categories of parks operated by the county, including heritage parks, waterfront parks, conservation parks, special purpose parks and forest management areas.[36]

Heritage parks

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Eternal Flame Falls in Chestnut Ridge Park

Erie County's heritage parks include the five original county parks that were established during the 1920s and 1930s. These parks are examples of multiple-use sites with significant scenic, natural and historic features. Each park has unique man-made structures of historical character, many constructed as part of the Works Progress Administration movement in the 1930s.[37]

Waterfront parks

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Waterfront parks include the significant scenic sites and recreational trail systems along the county's Lake Erie shoreline.[37]

Conservation parks

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View of the Scoby Dam at Scoby Dam Park

These largely-undeveloped parks are managed primarily for conservation of the natural environment and passive nature-based outdoor recreation activities. These lands are intended to generally remain in a natural state.[37]

Special purpose parks

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Special purpose parks have unique characteristics that provide specific recreational functions within the county's park system.[37]

Forest management areas

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Forest management areas are managed by the Erie County Bureau of Forestry, which was established in 1927. These areas include several thousand acres of mostly-coniferous plantation style forest, much of which was planted on abandoned farmland by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. These areas are located mostly in the rural southern portion of the county.[38] These lands have limited recreation potential, mostly in the form of trails. Management of these lands is focused on natural resource conservation, in addition to potential commercial resource extraction of timber products or maple syrup.[37][38]

Communities

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# Location Population (2010) Type Area
1 †Buffalo 278,349 City Greater Buffalo
2 Cheektowaga 75,178 CDP Greater Buffalo
3 Tonawanda 58,144 CDP Greater Buffalo
4 West Seneca 44,711 CDP Greater Buffalo
5 Lackawanna 19,949 City Greater Buffalo
6 Kenmore 15,423 Village Greater Buffalo
7 Depew 15,303 Village Greater Buffalo
8 Tonawanda 15,130 City Greater Buffalo
9 Eggertsville 15,019 CDP Greater Buffalo
10 Lancaster 10,352 Village Greater Buffalo
11 Hamburg 9,409 Village Greater Buffalo
12 East Aurora 6,236 Village Greater Buffalo
13 Harris Hill 5,508 CDP Greater Buffalo
14 Williamsville 5,300 Village Greater Buffalo
15 Grandyle Village 4,629 CDP Greater Buffalo
16 Springville 4,296 Village Southern
17 Lake Erie Beach 3,872 CDP Southern
18 Sloan 3,661 Village Greater Buffalo
19 Eden 3,516 CDP Southern
20 Orchard Park 3,246 Village Greater Buffalo
21 Wanakah 3,199 CDP Greater Buffalo
22 Akron 2,868 Village Northeast
23 ‡Gowanda 2,709 Village Southern
24 Clarence 2,646 CDP Greater Buffalo
25 Alden 2,605 Village Northeast
26 Elma Center 2,571 CDP Greater Buffalo
27 Blasdell 2,553 Village Greater Buffalo
28 North Boston 2,521 CDP Southern
29 Town Line 2,367 CDP Northeast
30 Angola 2,127 Village Southern
31 Billington Heights 1,685 CDP Greater Buffalo
32 Angola on the Lake 1,675 CDP Southern
33 North Collins 1,232 Village Southern
34 Holland 1,206 CDP Southern
35 Farnham 386 Village Southern
- Highland-on-the-Lake N/A CDP Southern
- University at Buffalo N/A CDP Buffalo

† - County seat

‡ - Not wholly in this county

Cities

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Towns

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Villages

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Map showing the municipalities of Erie County

Hamlets

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Indian reservations

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
  2. ^ "United States Census Bureau Erie County New York". United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2023. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  3. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. ^ a b Smyczynski, Christine A. (2005). "Southern Erie County - "The Southtowns"". Western New York: From Niagara Falls and Southern Ontario to the Western Edge of the Finger Lakes. The Countryman Press. p. 136. ISBN 0-88150-655-9.
  5. ^ "Buffalo Mero Area Population 1950-2024". MacroTrends.net. Archived from the original on December 3, 2024. Retrieved December 11, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. ^ https://brittlebooks.library.illinois.edu/brittlebooks_open/Books2009-06/johncr0001cenhis/johncr0001cenhis.pdf
  7. ^ The Burned-Over District: Evolution of County Boundaries. Oliver Cowdery Home Page Archived January 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, accessed December 7, 2008.
  8. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
  9. ^ Klein, Christopher (October 18, 2018). "This New York Village Seceded from the Union...for 85 Years". History (American TV channel). Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  10. ^ Kwiatkowski, Jane (September 7, 2011). "Secessionist hamlet takes stroll down memory lane; Hamlet of Town Line marks its unique role in the Confederacy". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  11. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  12. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". Retrieved April 18, 2023.
  13. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  14. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  15. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  16. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  17. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  18. ^ "Empire State Development" (PDF). esd.ny.gov. Archived from the original on August 19, 2008.
  19. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Erie County, New York".
  20. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  21. ^ https://www2.erie.gov/johnson/
  22. ^ https://www2.erie.gov/baskin/
  23. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ https://www2.erie.gov/vinal/
  26. ^ https://www2.erie.gov/rath/
  27. ^ https://www2.erie.gov/meyers/
  28. ^ https://www2.erie.gov/todaro/
  29. ^ https://www2.erie.gov/gilmour/
  30. ^ https://www4.erie.gov/malczewski/
  31. ^ https://www4.erie.gov/mills/
  32. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Erie County, NY" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2022. - Text list
  33. ^ "District Information & History". Randolph Academy Union Free School District. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  34. ^ "SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Erie County, NY" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2022. - Text list
  35. ^ "Carnival Warehouse" (PDF). CarnivalWarehouse.com. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  36. ^ a b Erie County (N.Y.) Department of Parks, Recreation, & Forestry; Erie County (N.Y.) Department of Environment & Planning; Parsons; Envision: The Hough Group; Paradigm Consulting; Wendel-Duchscherer Architects & Engineers (2003). Erie County Parks System Master Plan - Executive Summary (PDF). Erie County. pp. 1–16. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ a b c d e Erie County (N.Y.) Department of Parks, Recreation, & Forestry; Erie County (N.Y.) Department of Environment & Planning; Parsons; Envision: The Hough Group; Paradigm Consulting; Wendel-Duchscherer Architects & Engineers (2003). Erie County Parks System Master Plan, Volume 1, Section 3 - Overall System Framework (PDF). Erie County. pp. 1–13. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ a b "Bureau of Forestry". Erie County Department of Parks, Recreation and Forestry (Erie.gov). Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015.

Further reading

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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Erie County (New York).
 
Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Erie County, New York.

42°45′N 78°47′W / 42.75°N 78.78°W / 42.75; -78.78

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