Elizabeth MacDonough (born February 16, 1966) is an American lawyer and the Parliamentarian of the United States Senate since 2012. She is the first woman to hold the position.[1][2] MacDonough guided the Senate through the first and second impeachment trials of Donald Trump, and she and her staff brought the Electoral College certificates to safety during the January 6 Capitol attack.[3]
Elizabeth MacDonough | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 6th Parliamentarian of the United States Senate | |
| Assumed office February 2, 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Alan Frumin |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Elizabeth Coss MacDonough 1966 or 1967 (age 57–58) |
| Education | George Washington University (BA) Vermont Law School (JD) |
Early life and education
editMacDonough grew up near Washington DC, graduating from Greens Farms Academy in 1984[4] and earning her bachelor's degree from George Washington University in 1988.[1][5]
MacDonough began her career in 1990 as a legislative reference assistant in the Senate library and later as assistant morning business editor to the Congressional Record.[1] She left in 1995 to attend Vermont Law School, graduating with a JD in 1998.[5][6] During law school, MacDonough interned with Judge Royce C. Lamberth (United States District Court for the District of Columbia) and the Immigration and Naturalization Service in Burlington, Vermont.[5]
After graduating, MacDonough worked as a trial attorney for the United States Department of Justice handling immigration cases in New Jersey.[1] MacDonough joined the office of the Senate Parliamentarian in May 1999 as an assistant parliamentarian and was promoted to senior assistant parliamentarian in 2002.[5][7] She advised then-Vice President Al Gore on the procedure for counting ballots following Bush v. Gore.[5]
Senate Parliamentarian
editMacDonough speaks publicly only once a year, to address the United States Senate Youth Program.[8]
Democratic majority (2012-2015)
editAt her appointment to Parliamentarian in 2012, she was praised by outgoing Parliamentarian Alan Frumin as "down-to-earth," describing her personal knowledge of Capitol staffers; and by Senator Richard Shelby (R-AL) as "smart, diligent ... and she's got integrity."[1] Sen. John Thune (R-SD) said "she's very steeped in the traditions of the Senate and understands how it works here" and Sen. Mark Warner (D-VA) said he had "no question about her ability to read the rules and make the right decisions."[9]
Republican majority (2015-2021)
editDuring the 2015 congressional effort to partially repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), MacDonough ruled the provision that would roll back the Independent Payment Advisory Board disqualified the 2015 package from consideration as a reconciliation bill in the Senate under the Byrd Rule, which requires that reconciliation bills must have a budgetary effect. Rather than the simple, filibuster-free 51-vote majority required to pass a reconciliation bill, the 2015 package would require a 60-vote threshold to pass in the Senate, which effectively killed the legislation in the Senate, as Republicans did not hold the requisite votes.[10] Sen. Ted Cruz (R-TX) commented MacDonough should be fired or ignored, although since the procedural rulings are officially made by the president of the Senate (in 2015, it was then-Vice President Joe Biden), firing MacDonough would have made no difference, and Sen. John Cornyn (R-TX), the senior senator from Texas, dismissed Cruz's comments, saying ousting MacDonough would be "like firing the judge if you disagree with his ruling."[11]
In January 2017, Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan (R-WI) said that MacDonough would be the person to "watch" in the Senate, because budget reconciliation would likely again be the tool used to pass amendments to the Affordable Care Act.[12][13]
During the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 MacDonough ruled the repeal of the Johnson Amendment, which limits the political speech of churches, could not be included in the bill.[14] In January 2017, MacDonough ruled that a provision in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that would open the 1002 area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil and gas drilling, met the conditions of the Byrd Rule under budget reconciliation.[15]
In 2017, MacDonough read the language of Senate Rule XIX to Senator Steve Daines (R-MT), presiding over a Senate session, which Daines carefully repeated while warning Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) for reading statements from Ted Kennedy and Coretta Scott King condemning the nomination of Jeff Sessions.[16] The Senate subsequently voted 49 to 43 to uphold Majority Leader Mitch McConnell's objection that Warren had impugned Sessions's character.[17][18]
In a 2018 commencement speech at her alma mater, Vermont Law School, MacDonough called the invocation of the 'nuclear option' in 2013 and 2017 as a "stinging defeat that I tried not to take personally".[19] The 2013 vote removed the need for a three-fifths supermajority for cloture for all executive and judicial nominations bar those for the Supreme Court, while the 2017 vote removed the requirement for nominations to the Supreme Court.
MacDonough received attention prior to the 2020 impeachment trial of Donald Trump due to her role in advising Chief Justice John Roberts on parliamentary procedure while presiding over the trial.[19]
MacDonough has been praised by President pro tempore Patrick Leahy (D-VT) and former majority whip John Cornyn (R-TX), with Leahy saying that he had "been here with many, many parliamentarians. All were good. But she's the best", and Cornyn saying that "she's tough" and "she calls them straight down the middle."[19]
In June 2020, MacDonough provided a decision to Senator Josh Hawley (R-MO) ruling that a vote on the senator's WTO withdrawal resolution was in order.[20] However, she reversed herself two weeks later after considering new arguments regarding the timetable requirements from Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA) and Senator Ron Wyden (D-Ore.).[21]
Democratic majority (2021-present)
editIn January 2021, MacDonough and her staff safeguarded the electoral college votes from the 2020 presidential election by removing them to a secure location as rioters breached the Capitol building.[22][23]
In February 2021, she ruled against the $15 minimum wage provision in President Biden's proposed COVID-19 relief package being included per the Byrd Rule under budget reconciliation.[24] Some progressive Democrats called for McDonough to be overruled on the matter, including Rep. Ilhan Omar who called for her to be fired. Vice President Kamala Harris, as president of the Senate, has the power to overrule the parliamentarian, but White House chief of staff Ron Klain said the administration will not do that.[25] In April 2021, she ruled that Democrats can pass spending legislation with a simple majority using a procedure reserved for budget reconciliation.[26] In the past, this rule was limited to being used once per year, but MacDonough ruled that it could be used multiple times per year if the bill was budget-related.
In September 2021, she ruled against allowing a pathway to legalization for millions of immigrants to be included in the Democrats' $3.5 trillion reconciliation bill, stating that "changing the law to clear the way to (Legal Permanent Resident) status is tremendous and enduring policy change that dwarfs its budgetary impact."[27] On September 30, 2021, protesters blocked traffic on the Golden Gate Bridge for about an hour to call for a path to citizenship, with some carrying a banner urging Democrats to "overrule the parliamentarian".[28]
Personal life
editMacDonough lives in Arlington, Virginia.[29] In autumn 2021, she had surgery for stage 3 breast cancer.[30]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Rogers, David (February 6, 2012). "New parliamentarian's 'a pistol'". Politico. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
- ^ Barrett, Ted (January 31, 2012). "Senate welcomes first female parliamentarian". CNN. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
- ^ "For Senate rules arbiter, minimum wage is latest minefield". Associated Press News. February 24, 2021.
- ^ "Distinguished Alumni Award". GFA Magazine. GFA Office of Advancement. Fall 2013. p. 20. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e "Alumni Profiles (Elizabeth MacDonough)". Vermont Law School. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
- ^ Dole, Bob; Daschle, Tom (August 5, 1995). "Best wishes to Elizabeth MacDonough". Congressional Record. 141 (130): S11602. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
- ^ Tummarello, Kate (January 30, 2012). "Senate Will See First Female Parliamentarian". Roll Call. Archived from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
- ^ "Senate officers, often behind the scenes, play starring roles in USSYP". United States Senate Youth Program. October 5, 2014. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
- ^ Haberkorn, Jennifer (January 14, 2015). "Obamacare's little secret". Politico. Archived from the original on March 14, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
- ^ Pear, Robert (November 12, 2015). "Senate Rules Entangle Bid to Repeal Health Care Law". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
- ^ Lesniewski, Niels (October 22, 2015). "Cruz: Senate Umpire Works for Us". Roll Call. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
- ^ Peterson, Kristina (January 16, 2017). "Chief Senate Parliamentarian Will Play Crucial Role in Health Care Legislation". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2017.(subscription required)
- ^ Wice, Sam (November 30, 2016). "Why Elizabeth MacDonough Will Be the Most Powerful Person in America". Notice & Comment [blog]. Yale Journal on Regulation. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
- ^ "Johnson Amendment Repeal Removed from Final GOP Tax Bill | News & Reporting | Christianity Today". December 15, 2017. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
- ^ Cama, Timothy (December 20, 2017). "Congress votes to open Alaska refuge to oil drilling". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
- ^ Lutey, Tom (February 8, 2017). "Daines stands by decision to gavel down Warren". Billings Gazette. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
- ^ Kane, Paul; O'Keefe, Ed (February 8, 2017). "Republicans vote to rebuke Elizabeth Warren, saying she impugned Sessions's character". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
- ^ Hawkins, Derek (February 8, 2017). "The silencing of Elizabeth Warren and an old Senate rule prompted by a fistfight". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c Samuelsohn, Darren (January 13, 2020). "John Roberts may be leading the Senate impeachment trial, but this woman is shaping it". POLITICO. Archived from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
- ^ Doug Palmer (June 23, 2020). "Exclusive: Congress can take vote to withdraw from WTO in July". Politico. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
- ^ Doug Palmer (July 1, 2020). "New ruling quashes Hawley's hope for Senate WTO withdrawal vote". Politico. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
- ^ "The Photos of These Women Saving the Ballot Boxes Belong in History Books". Yahoo Finance. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ "Senate salvages Electoral College ballots before rioters break into the chamber". CNBC. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Lauren Fox, Ryan Nobles, Manu Raju and Phil Mattingly (February 26, 2021). "Senate parliamentarian rules against including minimum wage in Covid relief bill". CNN. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Progressive Lawmakers Call To Overrule, Fire Parliamentarian To Raise Minimum Wage from Forbes, February 26, 2021
- ^ "Senate parliamentarian clears way for Democrats to use reconciliation for infrastructure bill". www.cbsnews.com. April 6, 2021. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
- ^ Lauren Fox and Daniella Diaz (September 20, 2021). "Democrats unlikely to get immigration measure in $3.5 trillion budget proposal after Senate parliamentarian ruling". CNN. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
- ^ Protesters demand Democrats 'override the parliamentarian' during immigration protest on Golden Gate Bridge from The Week, September 30, 2021
- ^ "U.S. Senate Parliamentarian Elizabeth MacDonough to Deliver Vermont Law School Commencement Address". Vermont Law School (Press release). GlobeNewswire News Room. April 10, 2018. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ "The Senate's rules referee will be out for two weeks, during a critical period for Democrats". Politico. September 28, 2021. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.