The ectotympanic, or tympanicum, is a bony structure found in all mammals, located on the tympanic part of the temporal bone, which holds the tympanic membrane (eardrum) in place. In catarrhine primates (including humans), it takes a tube-shape.[1][2] Its position and attachment to the skull vary between primates, and can be either inside or outside the auditory bulla.[3][4]
It is homologous with the angular bone of non-mammalian tetrapods. When the latter is present, it contacts the entotympanic.[5]
References
edit- ^ Fricano, Ellen Elise Irwin (2018). "The Primate Ectotympanic Tube: Correlates of Structure, Function, and Development".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Ankel-Simons, F. (2007). Primate Anatomy (3rd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 435–436. ISBN 0-12-372576-3.435-436&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Academic Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-12-372576-3&rft.aulast=Ankel-Simons&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ectotympanic" class="Z3988">
- ^ Archibald, J.D. (1977). "Ectotympanic bone and internal carotid circulation of eutherians in reference to anthropoid origins". Journal of Human Evolution. 6 (7): 609–622. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(77)80134-6.609-622&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/S0047-2484(77)80134-6&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ectotympanic" class="Z3988">
- ^ Sellers, W.I. "Strepsirhine/Haplorhine Split" (PDF). Retrieved 18 August 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Maier, Wolfgang (August 2013). "The entotympanic in late fetal artiodactyla (Mammalia)". Journal of Morphology. 274 (8): 926–939. doi:10.1002/jmor.20149. ISSN 0362-2525.926-939&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/jmor.20149&rft.issn=0362-2525&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.20149&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ectotympanic" class="Z3988">
External links
edit- webref: Anthropology Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
- Hershkovitz P (1974). "The Ectotympanic Bone and Origin of Higher Primates" (PDF). Folia Primatologica. 22 (4): 237–42. doi:10.1159/000155628. PMID 4218574.237-42&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info:doi/10.1159/000155628&rft_id=info:pmid/4218574&rft.au=Hershkovitz P&rft_id=http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ArtikelNr=155628&Ausgabe=238881&ProduktNr=223842&filename=155628.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ectotympanic" class="Z3988">
- Jones FW, Lambert VF (October 1939). "The occurrence of the lemurine form of the ectotympanic in a primitive marsupial". J. Anat. 74 (Pt 1): 72–5. PMC 1252559. PMID 17104802.72-5&rft.date=1939-10&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1252559#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/17104802&rft.au=Jones FW, Lambert VF&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1252559&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ectotympanic" class="Z3988">
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