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Avoparcin

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Avoparcin is a glycopeptide antibiotic effective against Gram-positive bacteria. It has been used in agriculture as an additive to livestock feed to promote growth in chickens, pigs, and cattle.[1] It is also used as an aid in the prevention of necrotic enteritis in poultry.[1]

Avoparcin

α-Avoparcin (R=H)
β-Avoparcin (R=Cl)
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.048.588 Edit this at Wikidata
E number E715 (antibiotics)
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C89H102ClN9O36/c1-31-67(106)47(91)26-58(124-31)130-52-28-53-46(90)20-38(52)21-49-80(116)98-65(86(122)123)45-24-41(103)25-51(105)60(45)44-19-37(11-18-50(44)104)63(82(118)94-49)96-84(120)64-39-22-54(78(55(23-39)129-53)135-89-79(74(113)71(110)57(30-101)132-89)133-59-27-48(92)68(107)32(2)125-59)127-42-16-9-36(10-17-42)77(134-88-76(115)73(112)70(109)56(29-100)131-88)66(85(121)95-62(83(119)97-64)35-5-12-40(102)13-6-35)99-81(117)61(93-4)34-7-14-43(15-8-34)128-87-75(114)72(111)69(108)33(3)126-87/h5-20,22-25,28,31-33,47-49,56-59,61-77,79,87-89,93,100-115H,21,26-27,29-30,91-92H2,1-4H3,(H,94,118)(H,95,121)(H,96,120)(H,97,119)(H,98,116)(H,99,117)(H,122,123)/t31-,32-,33-,47 ,48 ,49-,56-,57 ,58-,59-,61-,62-,63 ,64 ,65 ,66 ,67-,68-,69-,70-,71 ,72 ,73 ,74-,75 ,76 ,77 ,79 ,87-,88-,89-/m0/s1
    Key: JWFVWARSGMYXRN-HTQQBIQNSA-N
  • (β) (β): InChI=1S/C89H101Cl2N9O36/c1-30-67(107)46(92)25-58(125-30)131-52-27-53-45(91)19-37(52)20-48-80(117)99-65(86(123)124)43-23-39(103)24-51(106)60(43)42-17-35(9-15-49(42)104)62(82(119)95-48)96-84(121)64-38-21-54(78(55(22-38)130-53)136-89-79(74(114)71(111)57(29-102)133-89)134-59-26-47(93)68(108)31(2)126-59)128-40-13-7-34(8-14-40)77(135-88-76(116)73(113)70(110)56(28-101)132-88)66(85(122)97-63(83(120)98-64)36-10-16-50(105)44(90)18-36)100-81(118)61(94-4)33-5-11-41(12-6-33)129-87-75(115)72(112)69(109)32(3)127-87/h5-19,21-24,27,30-32,46-48,56-59,61-77,79,87-89,94,101-116H,20,25-26,28-29,92-93H2,1-4H3,(H,95,119)(H,96,121)(H,97,122)(H,98,120)(H,99,117)(H,100,118)(H,123,124)/t30-,31-,32-,46 ,47 ,48-,56-,57 ,58-,59-,61-,62 ,63-,64 ,65 ,66 ,67-,68-,69-,70-,71 ,72 ,73 ,74-,75 ,76 ,77 ,79 ,87-,88-,89-/m0/s1
    Key: CASDGWYZIKZSQE-ZUWMJMDKSA-N
  • (α) (α): CN[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]5[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O)c2ccc(cc2)Occc7cc(Oc4cc(O[C@H]3C[C@@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O3)c(cc4Cl)C[C@@H]NC(=O)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H]7NC(=O)[C@@H](NC5=O)c6ccc(O)cc6)c8ccc(O)c(c8)c9c(O)cc(O)cc9[C@@H](NC=O)C(=O)O)cO[C@@H]O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]O[C@H]C[C@@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O)cccc(O[C@@H]O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]O)cc
  • (β) (β): CN[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]5[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O)c2ccc(cc2)Occc7cc(Oc4cc(O[C@H]3C[C@@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O3)c(cc4Cl)C[C@@H]NC(=O)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H]7NC(=O)[C@@H](NC5=O)c6ccc(O)c(Cl)c6)c8ccc(O)c(c8)c9c(O)cc(O)cc9[C@@H](NC=O)C(=O)O)cO[C@@H]O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]O[C@H]C[C@@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O)cccc(O[C@@H]O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]O)cc
Properties
C89H102ClN9O36 (α)
C89H101Cl2N9O36 (β)
Molar mass 1909.254 (α)
1943.699 (β)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Avoparcin is a mixture of two closely related chemical compounds, known as α-avoparcin and β-avoparcin, which differ by the presence of an additional chlorine atom in β-avoparcin. Avoparcin also shares a chemical similarity with vancomycin. Because of this similarity, concern exists that widespread use of avoparcin in animals may lead to an increased prevalence of vancomycin-resistant strains of bacteria.[2][3][4][5]

Avoparcin was once widely used in Australia and the European Union, but it is currently not permitted in either.[1][6]

Streptomyces candidus was found to produce avoparcin.[7]

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Avoparcin is prohibited in the Euopean Union,[8] Australia, and the United States. It was first banned in Denmark in 1995 as a feed additive, for its contributions to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and later banned in several other European countries.[9] It was never approved for use in the United States.[10]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Avoparcin". Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority. Archived from the original on 2014-03-10. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
  2. ^ Acar, J.; Casewell, M.; Freeman, J.; Friis, C.; Goossens, H. (2000). "Avoparcin and virginiamycin as animal growth promoters: A plea for science in decision-making". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 6 (9): 477–82. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2000.00128.x. PMID 11168181.
  3. ^ Bager, F; Madsen, M; Christensen, J; Aarestrup, F.M (1997). "Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms". Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 31 (1–2): 95–112. doi:10.1016/S0167-5877(96)01119-1. PMID 9234429. S2CID 4958557.
  4. ^ Peter J Collignon (1999). "Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and use of avoparcin in animal feed: is there a link?". Med J Aust. 171 (3): 144–146. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb123568.x. PMID 10474607. S2CID 24378463.
  5. ^ Lauderdale, TL; Shiau, YR; Wang, HY; Lai, JF; Huang, IW; Chen, PC; Chen, HY; Lai, SS; Liu, YF (2007). "Effect of banning vancomycin analogue avoparcin on vancomycin-resistant enterococci in chicken farms in Taiwan". Environmental Microbiology. 9 (3): 819–23. Bibcode:2007EnvMi...9..819L. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01189.x. PMID 17298380.
  6. ^ Commission Directive 97/6/EC of 30 January 1997 amending Council Directive 70/524/EEC concerning additives in feedingstuffs, Official Journal L 035 , 05/02/1997 P. 0011-0013
  7. ^ Sams, R. (15 June 2000). "Veterinary drugs". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_387. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4.
  8. ^ Press corner
  9. ^ Motarjemi, Yasmine (2014). Encyclopedia of Food Safety. Elsevier Inc. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-12-378613-5.
  10. ^ Alex Koppelman (Nov 7, 2007). "Is the way we raise our food giving us MRSA?". Salon.com.
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