Durendal, also spelled Durandal, is the sword of Roland, a legendary paladin and partially historical officer of Charlemagne in French epic literature. The sword is famous for its hardness and sharpness. Sources including La Chanson de Roland (The Song of Roland) state that it first belonged to the young Charlemagne.
According to one legend, at the end of the Battle of Roncevaux Roland hurled the sword from him to prevent its being seized by the Saracens, and it came to rest in Rocamadour. A replica sword that was embedded in a rock face there was reported stolen in June 2024.
Etymology
editThe name Durendal arguably begins with the French dur- stem, meaning "hard", though "enduring" may be the intended meaning.[1] Rita Lejeune argues that the name may break down into durant dail,[2] which may be rendered in English as "strong scythe"[3] or explained in more detail to mean "a scimitar or scythe that holds up, resists, endures".[4] Gerhard Rohlfs suggests dur end'art, "strong flame" or "[a flame] burns strongly from it".[3][5]
The Pseudo-Turpin explains that the name "'Durendal' is interpreted to mean [that] it gives a hard strike" (Durenda interpretatur durum ictum cum ea dans). It has been argued that the Pseudo-Turpin offering a gloss of the meaning constitutes evidence that it was a name that was not readily understood in French.[a][6]
One non-French etymology is Edwin B. Place's attempt to construe it in Breton as diren dall, meaning "blade [that] dulls cutting edge" or "blade [that] blinds".[6] Another is James A. Bellamy's Arabic etymology, explaining a possible origin of the sword's name in ḏū l-jandal (ذو الجندل), meaning "master of stone".[7][3][b]
Properties
editAccording to legend, the sword was capable of cutting through giant boulders with a single strike, and was indestructible.[8]
In the Chanson de Roland
editIn La Chanson de Roland (The Song of Roland), the sword is said to contain within its golden hilt a tooth of Saint Peter, blood of Basil of Caesarea, hair of Saint Denis, and a piece of the raiment of Mary, mother of Jesus.[9][10]
According to legend as recounted in the poem, at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass Roland took the rearguard to hold off Saracen troops long enough for Charlemagne's army to retreat into France.[11] He slew a vast number of enemies: wielding Durendal, he sliced the right arm of the Saracen king Marsile, decapitated the king's son Jursaleu or Jurfaleu and put the one-hundred-thousand-strong army to flight.[12][13] His mission accomplished, Roland then attempted to destroy Durendal by hitting it against blocks of marble, to prevent it from being captured by the Saracens, but the sword proved to be indestructible.[9] Finally, mortally wounded, he hid it beneath his body as he lay dying along with the oliphant, the horn he had used to alert Charlemagne.[14][15]
Origins and previous ownership
editThe sword has been given various provenances. Several of the works of the Matter of France agree that it was forged by Wayland the Smith, who is commonly cited as a maker of weapons in chivalric romances.[16]
According to La Chanson de Roland, an angel brought Durendal to Charlemagne in the vale of Moriane, and Charlemagne then gave it to Roland.[17][c]
According to the 12th-century fragmentary chanson de geste known as Mainet (referring to the pseudonym that Charlemagne adopted in his youth), Durendal was once captured, but not kept, by the young Charlemagne when he fled to Spain.[19] Young Charles (Mainés in the text) slays Braimant, obtaining his sword (Durendaus).[20][21] This tale is better preserved in some non-chanson de geste texts,[22] and in adaptations such as the Franco-Italian Karleto.[23] According to the Low-German version Karl Mainet, the place of combat was near the vale of Moriane (Vael Moriale), near Toledo.[24]
According to another 12th-century chanson de geste, the Song of Aspremont, the owner of Durendal just before Roland obtained it was a Saracen named Aumon, son of king Agolant,[d]. Young Roland mounted Naimes's horse Morel without permission,[25] and armed only with a rod, defeated Aumon, taking as spoils both the sword and the horse Veillantif.[26]
These materials were combined in the Italian prose Aspramonte by Andrea da Barberino in the late 14th to early 15th century. That work stated that after young Carlo (Charlemagne) came into possession of Durindarda (Durendal) by killing Bramante in Spain, Galafro gave it to Galiziella,[e][27] who then gave it to Almonte the son of Agolante (i.e., French: Aumon).[f][28][29] Galiziella is glossed as the bastard daughter of Agolante,[30] making her Almonte's half-sister. Durindana is eventually won by Orlandino (young Orlando).[31]
Andrea da Barberino was a major source for later Italian writers. Boiardo's Orlando innamorato traces the sword's origin to Hector of Troy; it belonged for a while to the Amazonian queen Pantasilea, and was passed down to Almonte before Orlando gained possession of it.[32] Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso follows Boiardo, saying it once belonged to Hector of Troy, but that it was given to Roland by Malagigi (Maugris).
Local lore
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Tradition has it that Roland's Breach in the Pyrenees was created when Roland, attempting to break Durendal, instead cut a huge gash in the mountainside with one blow.[34][35]
In Rocamadour, in the Lot department, a local legend holds that instead of dying with Durendal hidden under his body, Roland called on the Archangel Michael for assistance and was able to throw the sword several hundred kilometres across the border into France, where it came to rest in Rocamadour.[35] There it was deposited in the chapel of Mary, but was stolen by Henry the Young King in 1183.[33] Successive replicas have been stolen; most recently a sword fashioned from sheet metal was embedded in a cleft in a cliff wall, secured with a chain.[36] That sword was reported stolen in June 2024.[35][37][38]
In popular culture
editA sword named Durendal appears in a number of fantasy video games. In Final Fantasy Legend III (1991) it's one of four mystic swords (its name shortened to 'Durend' due to character limitations). In the Super Sentai series Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger (1992). the monster Dora Knight wields a magic sword called Durandal.[39] In the Fire Emblem videogame series, Durandal is the name of the legendary claymore sword wielded by one of the characters. Durandal is the name of a character in Honkai Impact 3rd; her namesake is the super-AI Holy Blade Durandal, which takes the form of a sword. In Library of Ruina (2020), Durandal is the signature weapon of Roland, one of the main protagonists. A sword named Durandal is in Chained Echoes (2022), as well as a lesser known game, Days Bygone.
In Terraria, Durendal is a weapon that the player is able to craft, but it's a whip rather than a sword. Durendal is the name of a spaceship in Xenosaga, of a psychotic AI in Marathon, and of an organization in Front Mission 4. The name also appears in Fate/Grand Order (2015).
A sword named Durendal also appears in literature. In the xianxia-inspired series of novels The Godking's Legacy by author Virlyce, Durandal is the name of one of the main characters, a sentient sword that previously belonged to the legendary warrior-mage Roland. In The Dresden Files book series, Durendal is one of three powerful swords and is linked to the emotion of hope. In the light novel and anime series High School DxD, the historical Durandal that was first used by Roland is wielded by a current character.
Durandel is used as a name, although not of a sword, in the anime series Mobile Suit Gundam SEED, Macross Frontier, and Space Battleship Tiramisu, and in the live-action tokusatsu series Kamen Rider Saber (2020) and the spinoff Kamen Rider Sabela & Durendal (2022).
Explanatory notes
edit- ^ Unlike "Halteclere" or "Joyeuse", which are easily comprehensible as French words.
- ^ Encouraged by the fact that there are many Arabic sword names with this prefix, e.g. Ḏū l-Faqār.
- ^ The scene of the angel giving the sword to Karl (Charlemagne) is depicted in a manuscript of Der Stricker's Karl der Große.[18]
- ^ This is actually alluded to in Mainet also: "Quant il occist Yaumont fil le roi Agoulant".[21]
- ^ Come lo re Galafro.. donò Durindarda a Galiziella "; "..e fu poi di Mainetto, cioè di Carlo; e con spada uccise Carlo lo re Bramante, e chiamavasi Durindarda.. Per questa spada Galiziella col cuore feminile ebbe piatà del re Galafro..", Boni (1951), pp. 12–13, Mattaini (1957), p. 422.
- ^ "Come Galiziella donò Durindarda a Almonte", Boni (1951), p. 13.
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Sayers (1957), p. 38
- ^ Lejeune (1950), p. 158.
- ^ a b c Warren, Michelle R. (1993). Excalibur, an Arthurian Artifact. Stanford University. p. 254, note 43. ISBN 9780816634910.
- ^ Bellamy (1987), p. 272, note 14, citing Lejeune (1950), p. 158.
- ^ Rohlfs, Gerhard (1936), "Was bedeutet der Schwertname Durendal?", Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen, CLXIX: 57–64
- ^ a b Place, Edwin B. (1949), "Once more Durendal", Modern Language Notes, 64 (3): 161–, doi:10.2307/2909019, JSTOR 2909019
- ^ Bellamy (1987), p. 273.
- ^ Cox, George W.; Jones, Eustance Hinton (1871). Popular Romances of the Middle Ages. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 339–340. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ a b Moncrieff (1920), pp. 76–77, laisse CLXXIII
- ^ Ross, D. J. A. (1980). "Old French". In Auty, Robert (ed.). Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry. Vol. 1. London: Modern Humanities Research Association. p. 126. ISBN 0-900547-72-3.
- ^ Chalmers, Rebecca (2013). "Chanson de Roland, la". Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature. Routledge. pp. 87–88. ISBN 9781136863250.
- ^ Moncrieff (1920), pp. 62–63, laisse CXLIV
- ^ Geddes (1920), pp. lix, 78–79 (laisse CXLIV)
- ^ Moncrieff (1920), p. 77, laisse CLXXIV
- ^ Cox, George William (1871). Popular Romances of the Middle Ages. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 340.
- ^ Dana, Charles E. (1907). "Swords and Swordsmanship". Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia. 23. Philadelphia: Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia: 65.
- ^ Moncrieff (1920), pp. 75–76, laisse CLXXII
- ^ Brault (1978), p. 443, note 16
- ^ Keller, Hans-Erich (1995). "King Cycle". In Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A.; Earp, Lawrence (eds.). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. New York / London: Garland. pp. 964–65. ISBN 9780824044442.
- ^ Mainet IVa, vv.24–41, Paris (1875), pp. 24–25
- ^ a b Morgan (2009), p. 144.
- ^ Morgan (2009), p. 143.
- ^ Morgan (2009), pp. 113, 143.
- ^ Settegast, Franz (1904). Quellenstudien zur galloromanischen epik. O. Harrassowitz. p. 27.
- ^ Brandin (1919–1921), Newth (1989), pp. 138–139 vv. 5749–5755.
- ^ Brandin (1919–1921), Newth (1989), pp. 146–147, vv. 6075–80.
- ^ Barberino, L'Aspramonte I, x, 6–10; cfr. III, LX, 4.
- ^ da Barberino, L'Aspramonte I, xi, 4
- ^ Boni (1951), p. 347 (Notes to Durindarda)
- ^ Boni (1951), p. 350–351 (Notes to Galiziella)
- ^ da Barberino, L'Aspramonte III, xxxviii, 7
- ^ Ross (2004), pp. 508–509: Bk III, Canto I.
- ^ a b de Veyrières, Louis (1892). "L'épée de Roland à Roc-Amadour". Bulletin de la Société scientifique, historique et archéologique de la Corrèze. 14: 139–43. (in French).
- ^ Walsh, William Shepard (1915). Heroes and Heroines of Fiction. Philadelphia / London: J. B. Lippincott. p. 264.
- ^ a b c "Lot: l'épée Durandal volée à Rocamadour était une copie sans valeur, si ce n'est symbolique". Actu Lot. 2 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024. (in French)
- ^ Caro, Ina (1996). The Road From the Past: Traveling Through History in France. San Diego: Harcourt Brace & Co. pp. 106–07. ISBN 0-15-600363-5.
- ^ Aldebert, Mayeul (2 July 2024). "Rocamadour: Durandal, la légendaire épée de Roland, a été volée". Le Figaro. Retrieved 3 July 2024. (in French).
- ^ Bertoni, Laetitia (3 July 2024) [1 July 2024]. "Disparition d'une légende à Rocamadour: Durandal, l'épée du chevalier Roland, a été volée, une enquête est en cours". La Dépêche. (in French).
- ^ "Zyuranger Monsters List Two". SuperSentai.com.
General bibliography
editPrimary sources
edit- Boiardo, Matteo (2004), Ross, Charles Stanley (ed.), Orlando Inammorato: Orlando in Love, Parlor Press LLC, ISBN 9781932559019 ISBN 1932559019
- Brandin, Louis, ed. (1919), La Chanson d'Aspremont: chanson de geste du XII ̇siècle: Text du manuscrit de Wollaton Hall, vol. 1, Paris: Honoré Champion; volume 2 (1921). (in French)
- da Barberino, Andrea (1951), Boni, Marco (ed.), Aspramonte, romanzo cavalleresco inedito: Ed. critica con glossario, Bologna: Antiquaria Palmaverde (in Italian)
- Geddes, J. Jr. (1920). La Chanson de Roland: A Modern French Translation of Theodor Müller's text of the Oxford Manuscript. Macmillan's French Classics. New York / London: Macmillan. (in French)
- da Barberino, Andrea (1957), Mattaini, Adelaide (ed.), Romanzi dei Reali di Francia, Rizzoli (in Italian)
- Moncrieff, Charles Scott (tr.) (1920). The Song of Roland: Done into English, in the Original Measure. New York: Dutton.
- Morgan, Leslie Zarker, ed. (2009), La Geste francor: edition of the Chansons de geste of MS. Marc. Fr. XIII, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies
- Newth, Michael A. (tr. & ed.) (1989), The Song of Aspremont (La Chanson d'Aspremont, New York: Garland
- Paris, Gaston, ed. (1875), "Mainet, fragments d'une chanson de geste du XIIe siècle", Romania, 4 (in French)
- Sayers, Dorothy L. (tr.) (1957). The Song of Roland. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044075-5.
Secondary sources
edit- Bellamy, James A. (1987), "Arabic names in the Chanson de Roland: Saracen Gods, Frankish swords, Roland horse, and the Olifant", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 107 (2): 267–277, doi:10.2307/602835, JSTOR 602835
- Brault, Gerard J. (2010) [1978]. The Song of Roland: An Analytical Introduction and Commentary. University Park: Pennsylvania State Univ. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-271-02455-4.
- Lejeune, Rita (1950), "Les noms d'épées dans la Chanson de Roland", Mélanges de linguistique et de littérature Romances, offerts à Mario Roques, Paris, pp. 149–66