Henry McClain Owl (August 1, 1895 – March 1, 1980), was a Native American educator, activist, and historian. He was a member of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, was the first Native American and first person of color to attend the University of North Carolina.[1] He received his master's degree in history from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC Chapel Hill) in 1929.[2]
Henry McClain Owl | |
|---|---|
 Owl, circa 1928 | |
| Born | August 1, 1895 Qualla Boundary, North Carolina, United States |
| Died | March 1, 1980 |
| Education | Hampton University, Lenoir–Rhyne University (BA), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (MA) |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, principal, activist, historian |
| Children | 1, Gladys Cardiff |
| Relatives | Lula Owl Gloyne (sister) |
Owl used his master's thesis to combat a literacy test designed to prevent Cherokee Indians from voting. His testimony before congress regarding this discrimination contributed to a law granting the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians citizenship and the right to vote.[3] He also went by the name Henry Harris.
Early Life and education
editOwl was born on August 1, 1895, in the Qualla Boundary in Western North Carolina. He was the son of Daniel Lloyd Owl, a Cherokee blacksmith, and Nettie Harris Owl, a Catawba traditional potter.[4] He is listed on the Baker Roll as having a Cherokee blood quantum of half, and having a full Catawba mother.[5] His older sister was Lula Owl Gloyne.[4] Owl attended school through eighth grade on the reservation, and later enrolled in school at Hampton University.[3] Until 1923, Hampton offered a free industrial training program for Native Americans.[6]
He joined the United States Army and rose to the rank of sergeant in 1918.[7]
Later, Owl became the first Native American to be admitted to Lenoir–Rhyne University, graduating in history in the class of 1928.[3][8][9][10] Owl attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1928 to 1929, graduating with a Master of Arts degree in history.[11] His dissertation was titled "The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians: Before and After the Removal.”[3][12] Owl's goal in writing his thesis was to combat racist myths and stereotype around Native Americans.[7]
Career
editVoting activism
editThe year after Owl received his master's degree in 1929, Swain County, North Carolina, denied him the right to vote based on his presumed illiteracy as a Native American. Upon using his degree as proof of his literacy, he was still denied the vote based on the claim that, as a Cherokee Indian, he was not a United States citizen.[2] Although the Indian Citizenship Act gave all Native Americans citizenship in 1924, voting was still regulated on a state-by-state basis. Owl subsequently testified before congress on this issue, resulting in legislation that granted citizenship and suffrage to all Eastern Band of Cherokee Indian members.[7]
Bureau of Indian Affairs
editOwl worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs as a teacher and principal on reservations in North Carolina, Montana, and South Dakota. He later worked as a Veteran's Administration counselor in Seattle and as an inspector at Boeing. Due to fear of discrimination, when working outside reservations, Owl began using his wife's last name, "Harris."[11]
Legacy
editIn 2011, the UNC American Indian Center created the Henry Owl Fund to support Cherokee language and culture instructional programs, as well as the Henry Owl Graduate Fellowship, which included a language immersion program at the Museum of the Cherokee People.[13]
He was inducted into the Lenoir–Rhyne University's hall of fame in 2012 for his participation in the football (1925–1927) and baseball (1926–1928) teams.[14]
In 2014, UNC Chapel Hill alumnus Andrew Vail created the Henry Owl Scholarship fund to provide needs-based funds to undergraduate American Studies majors.[3]
In 2021, UNC Chapel Hill renamed their Student Affairs building in his honor: the Henry Owl Building.[2]
Owl's daughter, Gladys Cardiff, is a poet and former professor at Oakland University in Michigan. Her father inspired her to pursue education and excellence in all aspects of life.[13]
Works
edit- Owl, Henry McClain (1929). "The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians Before and After the Removal." Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
References
edit- ^ "Honoring Henry Owl, the first American Indian student at Carolina". Tar Heel Times. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- ^ a b c "Building A New Future: Renaming Celebrates Henry Owl, UNC's First American Indian Student". World View UNC. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- ^ a b c d e "225 years of Tar Heel: Henry Owl". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-Chapel Hill). 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- ^ a b "Living in Two Worlds: Henry Owl '28". Profile: The Magazine of Lenoir-Rhyne College: 10–11. Winter 2007 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Cherokee Rolls: Baker Roll". All Things Cherokee.
- ^ Spurr, Kim (2014-09-16). "The Henry Owl Scholarship and a class in 'Gumption'". Carolina Arts & Sciences Magazine. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- ^ a b c "Henry Owl Building dedicated at UNC-Chapel Hill". The Cherokee One Feather. 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- ^ "Lenoir–Rhyne Adds 45 To Its List of Alumni". News and Record. 1928-06-07. p. 18. Retrieved 2024-12-23 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Henry Owl Second In State Contest". Hickory Daily Record. 1928-03-31. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-12-23 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Henry Owl, Cherokee Indian, Graduates at Tar Heel College". Asheville Citizen-Times. 1928-06-09. p. 7. Retrieved 2024-12-23 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Fish, Carson (2016-12-07). "Carolina Firsts: Henry Owl". History on the Hill, UNC Libraries. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- ^ Frizzell, George E. (1984). "The Politics of Cherokee Citizenship, 1898-1930". The North Carolina Historical Review. 61 (2): 205–230. ISSN 0029-2494 – via JSTOR.
- ^ a b Brown, Anthony (2011-10-31). "Henry Owl Fellowship honors American Indian pioneer". The Cherokee One Feather. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- ^ "Henry Owl (2012) - Hall of Fame". Lenoir-Rhyne University Athletics. Retrieved 2024-12-13.