Dolly Akers (March 23, 1901 – June 5, 1986) was an Assiniboine woman who was the first Native American woman elected to the Montana Legislature with 100% of the Indian vote [1] and the first woman elected to the Tribal Executive Board of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation.[2]
Dolly Akers | |
|---|---|
| Born | Dolly Smith March 23, 1901 |
| Died | June 5, 1986 (aged 85) |
| Nationality | Assiniboine |
| Other names | Dolly Smith Cusker Akers |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Political party | Democratic, later Republican |
Childhood and Personal Life
editDolly Smith Cusker Akers was born in Wolf Point, Montana. Her mother, Nellie Trexler, was a member of the Assiniboine Tribe and her father, William Smith, was an Irish-American. She grew up in the Northeast of Montana on Fort Peck Reservation. As a teenager, she attended a Native boarding school called the Sherman Institute in Riverside, California. After she graduated at age sixteen, she returned to Montana and married George Cusker in 1917.[2] The couple ranched near Poplar and had one daughter named Alvina. George Cusker died in 1941 and in 1944, Dolly re-married to John Akers. She was widowed a second time in 1959. After an impactful life, she died in 1986 in Helena.[3]
Political Career
editIn 1920, Akers moved to Washington D.C. to work as an interpreter for leaders of her tribe in their dealings with the federal government.[1] In 1923, Cusker accompanied two tribal representatives, Bear Hill and Dave Johnson, to Washington, D.C., as a translator to lobby for school funding.[4] While there, she also advocated that Native peoples be given universal citizenship in America. The Indian Citizenship Act was passed in 1924, which granted citizenship to all Native Americans. Not all Natives supported the passage of this act because it provided voting rights for Native Americans, which they feared was yet another step toward assimilation and that it undermined tribal sovereignty.
Dolly was appointed to theTribal Council Executive Board in her own right after attending the board meetings in the stead of her first husband, George Cusker, who served on the board. She was the first woman to earn this designation.[2]
In 1932, Dolly was elected to the statehouse as a Democrat, but later became a Republican. She received almost 100 percent of the vote in Roosevelt County, which was a county that consisted majorly of white Americans. She became the first American Indian to serve in the Montana legislature, elected at just 23 years old, and was the only woman serving in the 1933-34 legislative session.[2] She was appointed to the Federal Relations Committee and was a special representative of the governor to the U.S. Secretary of Interior.[5]
Dolly remained politically engaged for her entire life. She visited Washington, D.C. 57 times as a tribal delegate and was a member of the Fort Peck Tribal Council off and on for forty years.[5] Her career was not without controversy. For example, in 1959, she was removed from the tribal council by a vote of 279 to 189 and "barred forever from holding office and representing the Fort Peck Sioux and Assiniboine tribes." That vote was later overturned.[6]
Dolly frequently challenged the Indian Bureau's management of tribal resources, believing that tribes (and individual Indians) should be permitted to manage their own affairs just as non-Natives could. "Why should Indian people," she asked in 1952, "be forced to live under a law made some 80 years ago? That is the year in which the Indian Commissioner referred to Indians as 'wild beasts!'"[2]
Housing Authority and Advocacy
editAfter being elected to the Fort Peck Tribal Housing Authority in the 1970s, she advocated for funding for housing on the Fort Peck Reservation. She achieved her goal of receiving federal funds but was later accused by some members of the tribal council of favoring her supporters instead of weighing all applicants equally in the allocation of those housing funds.[2] Dolly lived on a 1400 acre ranch in Montana for part of her life where she served as an advocate and special advocate for seven different reservations in the state.[1] Dolly does a lot of work on awareness of the problems faced on reservations, especially regarding the youth, as she worked as a social worker for these seven reservations.[1] Dolly personally sees these problems as a result of the up-bringing of native youths, as more and more parents are not teaching their children their heritage and native language to pass on.[1]
Her belief in Indian autonomy led her to support the controversial policy of Termination, which advocated "terminating" the U.S. government's treaty obligations to tribes in order to encourage individual Indians to integrate into the larger Euro-American society. Looking back on her career, she was most proud of successfully lobbying for a regulation permitting tribes to hire their own legal counsel and the 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act,[2] which placed Native Americans under the constitution.[1]
Dolly was also appointed into the Montana FHA advisory committee.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g "Woman's lib is old hat to dolly". Oakland Post. July 29, 1971. ProQuest 371655978 – via ProQuest.
- ^ a b c d e f g ""I am a very necessary evil": The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers". Women's History Matters. Montana Historical Society. 29 May 2014.
- ^ "Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927-1985". Archives West. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
- ^ Letter from Alvina Welliver [Dolly Akers' daughter], November 13, 1985, in the Akers, Dolly Smith Cusker Vertical File, Montana Historical Society Research Center
- ^ a b "First Indian Woman Legislator Dies at 85". Great Falls Tribune. June 7, 1986.
- ^ "Dolly Akers Reinstated by Indian Bureau Ruling". Great Falls Tribune. January 11, 1959.