[1]The enzyme dihydroneopterin aldolase (EC 4.1.2.25) catalyzes the chemical reaction
| dihydroneopterin aldolase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 oktamer | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 4.1.2.25 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 37290-59-8 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
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| Dihydroneopterin aldolase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 crystal structure of 7,8-dihydroneopterin aldolase in complex with guanine | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | FolB | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF02152 | ||||||||
| Pfam clan | CL0334 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR006157 | ||||||||
| SCOP2 | 1b9l / SCOPe / SUPFAM | ||||||||
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- 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8- dihydropteridine 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine glycolaldehyde
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropt eridine glycolaldehyde-lyase (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine-forming). Other names in common use include 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-, and dihydropteridine glycolaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in folate biosynthesis.
Structural studies
editThe structural studies of DHNA have greatly advanced our understanding of its catalytic mechanism, revealing the roles of conserved amino acids in substrate binding and enzymatic activity.[2] Comparative analyses of bacterial DHNA enzymes have uncovered differences in their active site architectures, providing valuable information for the design of species-specific inhibitors.[3] These findings underscore the potential of targeting DHNA as a strategy to disrupt folate biosynthesis in pathogenic bacteria, as demonstrated by the successful inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis DHNA in vitro.[4] The absence of DHNA in mammalian cells enhances the selectivity and therapeutic potential of DHNA-specific antimicrobial agents, reducing the likelihood of off-target effects.[5]
Furthermore, the study of bifunctional DHNA-HPPK enzymes, such as those found in Streptococcus pneumoniae, has illuminated the interplay between folate pathway enzymes, offering additional targets for antimicrobial drug development.[6] The development of potent DHNA inhibitors has been a promising step toward novel antibacterial therapies, with some compounds achieving nanomolar-level efficacy in vitro.[4] However, the lack of structural data for Helicobacter pylori DHNA remains a significant gap, emphasizing the need for future research to facilitate the development of narrow-spectrum antibiotics tailored to specific infections.[4]
Dihydroneopterin aldolase (DHNA, EC 4.1.2.25) plays a key role in turning 7,8-dihydro-d-neopterin (DHNP) into 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin (HP), which is part of the folate biosynthesis process—an important focus for creating new antimicrobial drugs [1]. Folate cofactors are vital for all living organisms [2]. While most microorganisms can produce folates from scratch, mammals can't make them due to missing three enzymes in the middle of their folate pathway; instead, they rely on getting these nutrients through their diet. DHNA is one of those absent enzymes in mammals and stands out as a promising target for developing effective antimicrobial treatments [3].
The dihydroneopterin aldolase (DHNA, EC 4.1.2.25) activity of the FolB protein plays a crucial role in transforming 7,8-dihydroneopterin (DHNP)into both 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin (HP) and glycolaldehyde (GA) within the folate pathway. The FolB protein found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtFolB) is vital for the survival of these bacteria and stands out as a significant target for drug development efforts.
Researcher synthesized various S8-functionalized derivatives of 8-mercaptoguanine to test their effectiveness against MtFolB, finding that these compounds had IC50 values falling within the submicromolar range—pretty impressive! They also figured out how well some of the strongest inhibitors worked by determining their inhibition constants and modes.
Moreover, they conducted molecular docking studies to explore how these enzymes interact with inhibitors and what conformations ligands take on during this process. As far as we know, this research marks the first discovery of a new class of MtFolB inhibitors![7]
Structural studies
editAs of late 2007, 13 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1NBU, 1RRI, 1RRW, 1RRY, 1RS2, 1RS4, 1RSD, 1RSI, 1U68, 1Z9W, 2CG8, 2NM2, and 2NM3.
References
edit- ^ Wang, Yi; Li, Yue; Wu, Yan; Yan, Honggao (2007). "Mechanism of dihydroneopterin aldolase". The FEBS Journal. 274 (9): 2240–2252. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05761.x. ISSN 1742-4658.2240-2252&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05761.x&rft.issn=1742-4658&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yi&rft.au=Li, Yue&rft.au=Wu, Yan&rft.au=Yan, Honggao&rft_id=https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05761.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- ^ Hoh, F.; Yang, Y. S.; Guignard, L.; Padilla, A.; Stern, M. H.; Lhoste, J. M.; van Tilbeurgh, H. (1998-02-15). "Crystal structure of p14TCL1, an oncogene product involved in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, reveals a novel beta-barrel topology". Structure (London, England: 1993). 6 (2): 147–155. doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(98)00017-3. ISSN 0969-2126. PMID 9519406.147-155&rft.date=1998-02-15&rft.issn=0969-2126&rft_id=info:pmid/9519406&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/s0969-2126(98)50017-3&rft.aulast=Hoh&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Yang, Y. S.&rft.au=Guignard, L.&rft.au=Padilla, A.&rft.au=Stern, M. H.&rft.au=Lhoste, J. M.&rft.au=van Tilbeurgh, H.&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9519406/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- ^ Mandimika, Tafadzwa; Baykus, Hakan; Vissers, Yvonne; Jeurink, Prescilla; Poortman, Jenneke; Garza, Cutberto; Kuiper, Harry; Peijnenburg, Ad (2007-11-28). "Differential gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells induced by single and mixtures of potato glycoalkaloids". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55 (24): 10055–10066. Bibcode:2007JAFC...5510055M. doi:10.1021/jf0724320. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 17973450.10055-10066&rft.date=2007-11-28&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021/jf0724320&rft.issn=0021-8561&rft_id=info:pmid/17973450&rft_id=info:bibcode/2007JAFC...5510055M&rft.aulast=Mandimika&rft.aufirst=Tafadzwa&rft.au=Baykus, Hakan&rft.au=Vissers, Yvonne&rft.au=Jeurink, Prescilla&rft.au=Poortman, Jenneke&rft.au=Garza, Cutberto&rft.au=Kuiper, Harry&rft.au=Peijnenburg, Ad&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17973450/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b c Li, James J.; Chao, Hann-Guang; Wang, Haixia; Tino, Joseph A.; Lawrence, R. Michael; Ewing, William R.; Ma, Zhengping; Yan, Mujing; Slusarchyk, Dorothy; Seethala, Ramakrishna; Sun, Huabin; Li, Danshi; Burford, Neil T.; Stoffel, Robert H.; Salyan, Mary Ellen (2004-03-25). "Discovery of a potent and novel motilin agonist". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 47 (7): 1704–1708. doi:10.1021/jm0304865. ISSN 0022-2623. PMID 15027861.1704-1708&rft.date=2004-03-25&rft.issn=0022-2623&rft_id=info:pmid/15027861&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021/jm0304865&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=James J.&rft.au=Chao, Hann-Guang&rft.au=Wang, Haixia&rft.au=Tino, Joseph A.&rft.au=Lawrence, R. Michael&rft.au=Ewing, William R.&rft.au=Ma, Zhengping&rft.au=Yan, Mujing&rft.au=Slusarchyk, Dorothy&rft.au=Seethala, Ramakrishna&rft.au=Sun, Huabin&rft.au=Li, Danshi&rft.au=Burford, Neil T.&rft.au=Stoffel, Robert H.&rft.au=Salyan, Mary Ellen&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15027861/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- ^ Schmidt, P. J.; Yokoyama, M.; McGinniss, M. H.; Levin, R. H. (November 1965). "Erythroid homograft following leukocyte transfusion in a patient with acute leukemia. II. Serologic and immunochemical studies". Blood. 26 (5): 597–609. doi:10.1182/blood.V26.5.597.597. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 5321111.597-609&rft.date=1965-11&rft.issn=0006-4971&rft_id=info:pmid/5321111&rft_id=info:doi/10.1182/blood.V26.5.597.597&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=P. J.&rft.au=Yokoyama, M.&rft.au=McGinniss, M. H.&rft.au=Levin, R. H.&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5321111/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- ^ Martinez-Sanz, Juan; Yang, Ao; Blouquit, Yves; Duchambon, Patricia; Assairi, Liliane; Craescu, Constantin T. (October 2006). "Binding of human centrin 2 to the centrosomal protein hSfi1". The FEBS Journal. 273 (19): 4504–4515. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05456.x. ISSN 1742-464X. PMID 16956364.4504-4515&rft.date=2006-10&rft.issn=1742-464X&rft_id=info:pmid/16956364&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05456.x&rft.aulast=Martinez-Sanz&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Yang, Ao&rft.au=Blouquit, Yves&rft.au=Duchambon, Patricia&rft.au=Assairi, Liliane&rft.au=Craescu, Constantin T.&rft_id=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16956364/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- ^ Czeczot, Alexia de Matos; Roth, Candida Deves; Ducati, Rodrigo Gay; Pissinate, Kenia; Rambo, Raoní Scheibler; Timmers, Luís Fernando Saraiva Macedo; Abbadi, Bruno Lopes; Macchi, Fernanda Souza; Pestana, Víctor Zajaczkowski; Basso, Luiz Augusto; Machado, Pablo; Bizarro, Cristiano Valim (December 2021). "8-Mercaptoguanine-based inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dihydroneopterin aldolase: synthesis, in vitro inhibition and docking studies". Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 36 (1): 847–855. doi:10.1080/14756366.2021.1900157. ISSN 1475-6374. PMC 7993393. PMID 33752554.847-855&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7993393#id-name=PMC&rft.issn=1475-6374&rft_id=info:pmid/33752554&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/14756366.2021.1900157&rft.aulast=Czeczot&rft.aufirst=Alexia de Matos&rft.au=Roth, Candida Deves&rft.au=Ducati, Rodrigo Gay&rft.au=Pissinate, Kenia&rft.au=Rambo, Raoní Scheibler&rft.au=Timmers, Luís Fernando Saraiva Macedo&rft.au=Abbadi, Bruno Lopes&rft.au=Macchi, Fernanda Souza&rft.au=Pestana, Víctor Zajaczkowski&rft.au=Basso, Luiz Augusto&rft.au=Machado, Pablo&rft.au=Bizarro, Cristiano Valim&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7993393&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
Further reading
edit- Hennig, Michael; D′Arcy, Allan; Hampele, Isabella C.; Page, Malcolm G. P.; Oefner, Christian; Dale, Glenn E. (May 1998). "Crystal structure and reaction mechanism of 7,8-dihydroneopterin aldolase from staphylococcus aureus". Nature Structural Biology. 5 (5): 357–362. doi:10.1038/nsb0598-357. ISSN 1545-9985. PMID 9586996.357-362&rft.date=1998-05&rft.issn=1545-9985&rft_id=info:pmid/9586996&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/nsb0598-357&rft.aulast=Hennig&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=D′Arcy, Allan&rft.au=Hampele, Isabella C.&rft.au=Page, Malcolm G. P.&rft.au=Oefner, Christian&rft.au=Dale, Glenn E.&rft_id=https://www.nature.com/articles/nsb0598-357&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- Sanders, William J.; Nienaber, Vicki L.; Lerner, Claude G.; McCall, J. Owen; Merrick, Sean M.; Swanson, Susan J.; Harlan, John E.; Stoll, Vincent S.; Stamper, Geoffrey F.; Betz, Stephen F.; Condroski, Kevin R.; Meadows, Robert P.; Severin, Jean M.; Walter, Karl A.; Magdalinos, Peter (2004-03-01). "Discovery of Potent Inhibitors of Dihydroneopterin Aldolase Using CrystaLEAD High-Throughput X-ray Crystallographic Screening and Structure-Directed Lead Optimization". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 47 (7): 1709–1718. doi:10.1021/jm030497y. ISSN 0022-2623. PMID 15027862.1709-1718&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.issn=0022-2623&rft_id=info:pmid/15027862&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021/jm030497y&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=William J.&rft.au=Nienaber, Vicki L.&rft.au=Lerner, Claude G.&rft.au=McCall, J. Owen&rft.au=Merrick, Sean M.&rft.au=Swanson, Susan J.&rft.au=Harlan, John E.&rft.au=Stoll, Vincent S.&rft.au=Stamper, Geoffrey F.&rft.au=Betz, Stephen F.&rft.au=Condroski, Kevin R.&rft.au=Meadows, Robert P.&rft.au=Severin, Jean M.&rft.au=Walter, Karl A.&rft.au=Magdalinos, Peter&rft_id=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm030497y&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- Wang, Yi; Li, Yue; Yan, Honggao (2006-12-01). "Mechanism of Dihydroneopterin Aldolase: Functional Roles of the Conserved Active Site Glutamate and Lysine Residues". Biochemistry. 45 (51): 15232–15239. doi:10.1021/bi060949j. ISSN 0006-2960. PMC 3018710. PMID 17176045.15232-15239&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018710#id-name=PMC&rft.issn=0006-2960&rft_id=info:pmid/17176045&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021/bi060949j&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yi&rft.au=Li, Yue&rft.au=Yan, Honggao&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018710&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- Czeczot, Alexia de Matos; Muniz, Mauro Neves; Perelló, Marcia Alberton; Silva, Éverton Edésio Dinis; Timmers, Luís Fernando Saraiva Macedo; Berger, Andresa; Gonzalez, Laura Calle; Arraché Gonçalves, Guilherme; Moura, Sidnei; Machado, Pablo; Bizarro, Cristiano Valim; Basso, Luiz Augusto (2024-12-31). "Crystal structure of dihydroneopterin aldolase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis associated with 8-mercaptoguanine, and development of novel S8-functionalized analogues as inhibitors: Synthesis, enzyme inhibition, in vitro toxicity and antitubercular activity". Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 39 (1). doi:10.1080/14756366.2024.2388207. ISSN 1475-6366. PMC 11328599. PMID 39140692.
- Garçon, Arnaud; Levy, Colin; Derrick, Jeremy P. (July 2006). "Crystal Structure of the Bifunctional Dihydroneopterin Aldolase/6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin Pyrophosphokinase from Streptococcus pneumoniae". Journal of Molecular Biology. 360 (3): 644–653. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.038. PMID 16781731.644-653&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.038&rft_id=info:pmid/16781731&rft.aulast=Garçon&rft.aufirst=Arnaud&rft.au=Levy, Colin&rft.au=Derrick, Jeremy P.&rft_id=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022283606006206&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- Hitchings, George H.; Burchall, James J. (January 1965), "Inhibition of Folate Biosynthesis and Function as a Basis for Chemotherapy", in Nord, F. F. (ed.), Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, vol. 27 (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 417–468, doi:10.1002/9780470122723.ch9, ISBN 978-0-470-12498-7, PMID 4387360, retrieved 2024-12-09417-468&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1965-01&rft_id=info:pmid/4387360&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/9780470122723.ch9&rft.isbn=978-0-470-12498-7&rft.aulast=Hitchings&rft.aufirst=George H.&rft.au=Burchall, James J.&rft_id=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470122723.ch9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- Bermingham, Alun; Derrick, Jeremy P. (July 2002). "The folic acid biosynthesis pathway in bacteria: evaluation of potential for antibacterial drug discovery". BioEssays. 24 (7): 637–648. doi:10.1002/bies.10114. ISSN 0265-9247. PMID 12111724.637-648&rft.date=2002-07&rft.issn=0265-9247&rft_id=info:pmid/12111724&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/bies.10114&rft.aulast=Bermingham&rft.aufirst=Alun&rft.au=Derrick, Jeremy P.&rft_id=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.10114&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
- Mathis JB, Brown GM (1970). "The biosynthesis of folic acid. XI. Purification and properties of dihydroneopterin aldolase". J. Biol. Chem. 245 (11): 3015–25. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63090-X. PMID 4912541.3015-25&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63090-X&rft_id=info:pmid/4912541&rft.aulast=Mathis&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Brown, GM&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2963090-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dihydroneopterin aldolase" class="Z3988">
External links
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