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Điện Biên Phủ (Vietnamese: [ɗîənˀ ɓīən fû] , chữ Hán: 奠邊府) is a city in the northwestern region of Vietnam. It is the capital of Điện Biên Province. The city is best known for the decisive Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, which occurred during the First Indochina War of independence against France. The region is a center of ethnic Thai culture. In prior history, the city was formerly called Muang Thaeng.
Điện Biên Phủ
Thành phố Điện Biên Phủ 城庯奠邊府 | |
|---|---|
| Điện Biên Phủ City | |
Dien Bien Phu Victory Monument and a corner of Dien Bien Phu city | |
 Location in northern Vietnam | |
  Điện Biên Phủ Location of Điện Biên in Vietnam | |
| Coordinates: 21°23′N 103°1′E / 21.383°N 103.017°E | |
| Country |  Vietnam |
| Province | Điện Biên |
| Founded | |
| Area | |
| 308.18 km2 (118.99 sq mi) | |
| Population (December 31, 2022)[2] | |
| 84,672 | |
| • Density | 270/km2 (710/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 59,876 |
| • Ethnicities | Kinh Thai H'Mong |
| Time zone | UTC 7 (Indochina Time) |
| Climate | Aw |
| Website | tpdienbienphu |
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Điện Biên Phủ lies in Mường Thanh Valley, a 20 km (12 mi) long and 6 km (3.7 mi) wide basin sometimes described as "heart-shaped." It is on the western edge of Điện Biên Province, of which it is the capital, and is only about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border with Laos.
Until the creation of the province in 2004, Điện Biên Phủ was part of Lai Châu Province. The Vietnamese government elevated Điện Biên Phủ to town status in 1992, and to city status in 2003.
Demographics
editStatistics on Điện Biên Phủ's population vary depending on definitions—figures are generally between 70,000 and 125,000. The city is growing quickly and was projected to have a population of 150,000 by 2020.[3]
According to statistics from the government, as of 2019, the city had a population of 80,366 people,[2] covering an area of 308.18 km2.
Transport
editNational Route 12 connects Điện Biên to Lai Châu. Điện Biên Phủ Airport serves the city with air route to Hanoi capital and Ho Chi Minh City.
History
editThe 8th century Thai locality of Muang Then is believed to have been centered here.[citation needed]
Nineteenth and early twentieth century
editĐiện Biên Phủ was rather politically removed from central Vietnamese control until 1841. In this year, under the Nguyễn dynasty, Điện Biên Phủ was directly incorporated into the Vietnamese political system when they established the town as an administrative district. This was partly done for more direct control of the region and to stop bandits who were exploiting the opium trade.[4]
In 1887, Điện Biên Phủ became a French protectorate. To ensure that the French would control the local opium trade, they appointed a sole administrator to supervise the trade and control the town. Other than a Hmong rebellion in 1918, the town was under French control until the Japanese occupied it during World War II. By early May 1945, the Japanese occupied Điện Biên Phủ and planned to convert it into a large military and logistical base. However, with an airstrip barely being enlarged, Chinese nationalist troops took the town in August of the same year. Subsequently, the nationalist forces then gave way to returning French troops.[4]
Operation Castor (1953)
editIn the 1950s, the town was known for its famous opium traffic, generating 500,000,000 French francs annually. It was also an extensive source of rice for the Việt Minh.[5]
The region was fortified in November 1953 by the French Union force in the biggest airborne operation of the 1946–1954 First Indochina War, Operation Castor, to block Việt Minh transport routes and to set the stage to draw out Việt Minh forces.
Siege of Điện Biên Phủ (1954)
edit
The following year, the important Battle of Điện Biên Phủ was fought between the Việt Minh (led by General Võ Nguyên Giáp), and the French Union (led by General Henri Navarre, successor to General Raoul Salan). The siege of the French garrison lasted fifty-seven days, from 17:30, 13 March to 17:30, 7 May 1954. The southern outpost or fire base of "Camp Isabelle" did not follow the cease-fire order and fought until 01:00 the following day. The long-scheduled Geneva Meeting's Indochina conference involving the United States, the UK, the French Union and the USSR had already begun on 26 April 1954.[6][7]
The battle was significant beyond the valleys of Điện Biên Phủ. Giáp's victory ended major French involvement in Indochina and led to the Geneva accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South.
Điện Biên Phủ apparently recovered quickly after the siege. When Wilfred Burchett visited the area in 1962, he found a 5,000-acre state-owned farm growing coffee, cotton, rice, and sugar cane on land that had once been a battleground. For example, the airstrip at Isabelle was now a rice field, and most of the approach trenches used by the Việt Minh had been filled in. The farm manager told him that 1,500 soldiers from 176th regiment arrived in 1958 to cultivate the area, followed by 1,200 volunteers from the Red River Delta, of which 900 were women. During their first season there, they cleared away the leftover land mines and rushed to grow enough crops in time, to the exclusion of other activities. They did not have housing until after the first season; in the meantime, they sheltered with the local Thái tribe, who also gave them extra seeds for growing rice. Burchett claimed he also saw a hospital with 60 beds, some pottery-making facilities, the remains of a French tank and various airplanes, two tombstones dedicated to the two soldiers who blew up said tank, a "modest" monument packed with more tombstones, and a "small museum" filled with homemade weapons used in the battle.[8]
Climate
edit| Climate data for Điện Biên Phủ | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.4 (90.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
39.0 (102.2) |
38.6 (101.5) |
38.6 (101.5) |
36.0 (96.8) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.0 (95.0) |
35.7 (96.3) |
34.0 (93.2) |
31.6 (88.9) |
39.0 (102.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) |
26.2 (79.2) |
29.0 (84.2) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.5 (86.9) |
29.2 (84.6) |
26.7 (80.1) |
23.9 (75.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
22.2 (72.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.5 (54.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.7 (71.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
21.7 (71.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.7 (60.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) |
4.8 (40.6) |
5.3 (41.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.4 (63.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 26.9 (1.06) |
26.4 (1.04) |
55.6 (2.19) |
115.1 (4.53) |
182.5 (7.19) |
253.5 (9.98) |
314.6 (12.39) |
316.6 (12.46) |
150.7 (5.93) |
59.4 (2.34) |
32.5 (1.28) |
26.1 (1.03) |
1,573.5 (61.95) |
| Average rainy days | 4.6 | 3.8 | 6.2 | 12.5 | 16.6 | 19.6 | 22.6 | 21.0 | 13.3 | 8.1 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 137.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 82.4 | 80.2 | 80.2 | 81.7 | 82.2 | 83.9 | 86.4 | 87.5 | 86.3 | 84.2 | 83.1 | 83.1 | 83.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 159.8 | 177.3 | 198.4 | 202.0 | 202.3 | 141.3 | 132.7 | 148.6 | 168.4 | 170.5 | 160.5 | 160.0 | 2,025.4 |
| Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[9] | |||||||||||||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b https://tuyengiao.vn/dien-bien-phu-vung-dat-con-nguoi-truyen-thong-va-phat-trien-154121#:~:text=Ngày 7/10/1995,,Thành phố Điện Biên Phủ. Điện Biên Phủ: Vùng đất - Con người, Truyền thống và Phát triển
- ^ a b c "Nghị quyết số 815/NQ-UBTVQH14 năm 2019 về việc sắp xếp các đơn vị hành chính cấp huyện, cấp xã thuộc tỉnh Điện Biên". 2019-11-21.
- ^ Điện Biên Phủ: Development and Conservation in a Vietnamese Cultural Landscape, by William Logan. Paper Presented at the Forum UNESCO University and Heritage. 10th International Seminar "Cultural Landscapes in the 21st Century". Newcastle upon Tyne, 11–16 April 2005. Revised: July 2006.
- ^ a b Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 230. ISBN 1-884964-04-4.
- ^ The Last Valley, Martin Windrow, 2004
- ^ J. A. S. Grenville, page 407 The Collins History of the World in the Twentieth Century, ISBN 0 00 255169 1
- ^ Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.
- ^ Burchett, Wilfred G. (1963). The Furtive War: The United States in Vietnam and Laos. New York: International Publishers. pp. 132–145.
- ^ "Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology" (PDF).
External links
edit
Media links
edit- (in French) The situation of Điện Biên Phủ, 50 years after the battle (French news, public channel France 2, 5 May 2004)Dinan Dinana inan