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The Democratic Labor Party (Korean: 민주노동당; Hanja: 民主勞動黨; RR: Minjunodongdang; MR: Minjunodongtang) was a progressive and nationalist political party in South Korea. It was founded in January 2000, in the effort to create a political wing for the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions which was considered more left-wing and more independent of the two union federations in South Korea. Its party president was Kwon Young-gil, Kang Gi-gap, and Lee Jung-hee. In December 2011, the party merged into the Unified Progressive Party.
Democratic Labor Party 민주노동당 民主勞動黨 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Kwon Young-ghil |
| Assembly leader | Gang Gi-gap |
| Founded | 30 January 2000 |
| Dissolved | 5 December 2011 |
| Succeeded by | Unified Progressive Party |
| Headquarters | Jongdo Building, 25-1 Mullaedong2-ga, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul |
| Ideology |
|
| Political position | Left-wing[5][6] |
| Colours | Orange |
| Democratic Labor Party | |
| Hangul | 민주노동당 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Minjunodongdang |
| McCune–Reischauer | Minjunodongtang |
In the South Korean political history, DLP is considered as the ancestor of all of modern day left-leaning political parties such as Justice Party and Progressive Party.
History
editOrigin
editThe origins of the Democratic Labor Party can be traced back to two major groups: National Liberation (민족해방, NL) and People’s Democracy (민중민주, PD). These were student movements active in the Korean democratization movement of the 1987, with differing perspectives on Korean society. NL regarded South Korean society as a colony of American imperialism(Korean: 식민지 반봉건사회; lit. Colonial semi-feudalism), while PD characterized it as a highly developed capitalist system(Korean: 국가 독점 자본주의; lit. State monopoly capitalism). As a result, NL advocated for national liberation through solidarity with North Korea, whereas PD championed socialism through working-class struggle.[7]
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, traditional student movements began to decline. Among the PD group, some leaders, including Roh Hoe-chan, embraced the concept of a social democratic mass party over the Marxist-Leninist vanguard party model. Consequently, a significant portion of the PD faction moved away from Marxism, adopting the idea of a Nordic-style social market economy.
For NL, the death of Kim Il-sung in 1994 led to a split between the autonomy-innovation(자주 혁신) faction and the autonomy-unity faction(자주 단결).[8] While the unity faction continued to uphold traditional Juche ideology, the innovation faction supported popular nationalist movements that diverged from Juche principles. In 2000, following intense debates at Gunjasan(Korean: 군자산의 약속; lit. Gunjasan Thesis), leaders of the innovation faction resolved to form a mass party and engage in central politics.
1997-2004
editThe predecessor of the Democratic Labor Party was People's Victory for 21st Century, established in 1997. People's Victory for 21st Century nominated KCTU Chairman Kwon Young-ghil as its candidate in the 1997 presidential election, but the campaign was unsuccessful. However, after reorganizing into the Democratic Labor Party just before the 2000 general election, the party made significant progress in several constituencies.
In the 2002 local elections, the Democratic Labor Party garnered an average of 8% of the votes, establishing itself as a major political force. The party gained support from prominent cultural figures, including director Bong Joon-ho[9], and attracted significant backing from young people and the working class who were disillusioned with the politics of the two dominant parties; the democratic party and the conservative Hannara-party. In the 2004 general election, the Democratic Labor Party gained 10 seats, becoming the third-largest party in the National Assembly.
2004-2008
editAfter its success in the 2004 general election, the Democratic Labor Party faced internal conflict between the PD faction and the NL faction. The PD faction formed the social democratic “Pyeongdeung-faction (Korean: 평등파; lit. Equality faction)”, while the NL faction established the pro-North Korean “Jaju-faction (Korean: 자주파; lit. Autonomy faction)”. The Pyeongdeung-faction primarily promoted social welfare policies, such as “free welfare” and “free medical care.” In contrast, the Jaju-faction focused on a Korean reunification agenda, which centered on anti-Americanism.[10]
The Pyeongdeung-faction gained public support due to its popular welfare policies; however, within the party, it struggled to build strong support among members because of its individualistic organizational style and perceived elitist bias. Conversely, the Jaju-faction had lower public support but cultivated significant internal support due to its communitarian culture.
In the 2006 leadership election, the Pyeongdeung-faction nominated former National Assembly member Cho Seung-soo as their candidate for party leader, while the Jaju-faction nominated labor activist Moon Sung-hyun. The election was closely contested, with Moon Sung-hyun narrowly winning 53.6% of the vote to Cho Seung-soo’s 46.4%, giving the Jaju Faction the upper hand in the party.
Controversy soon followed. Lee Yong-dae, the leader of the Jaju-faction, who was also a policy committee chairman, blocked the Pyeongdeung-faction’s resolution criticizing North Korea for its nuclear test. Chairman Lee argued that North Korea’s nuclear weapons were defensive measures against American imperialism, which was severly condemned by media.[11] Furthermore, during the 2007 presidential election, the Jaju-faction pushed an unpopular slogan advocating for “a federation of North and South Korea.(Korean: 코리아 연방)” This contributed crushing defeat for the party, receiving only 3% of the popular vote.[12]
The defeat in the presidential election prompted the Pyeongdeung-faction to establish an emergency committee led by Sim Sang-jung. One of the key issues addressed by this committee was the "Ilsimhoe Incident (Korean: 일심회 사건)," a 2006 controversy in which some party members were found to have contacted executives of North Korea's Workers' Party and provided them some critical information about key party members. The Pyeongdeung-faction advocated for the immediate expulsion of those involved, while the Jaju-faction opposed such actions, arguing that the party should not succumb to anti-communist pressure.
Ultimately, a narrow vote favored the Jaju-faction’s stance. Frustrated with the outcome, the Pyeongdeung-faction left the Democratic Labor Party in February 2008 to establish the New Progressive Party, citing irreconcilable differences with the Jaju-faction's pro-North Korean tendencies. The party split proved detrimental to both factions. In the 2008 general election, the Democratic Labor Party won only five seats, while the New Progressive Party failed to secure any seats.
2008-2011
editAfter the crushing defeat in the 2008 general election, contrary to experts’ expectations, the Democratic Labor Party quickly regained its footing. Amid growing public discontent with the Lee Myung-bak administration’s ultra-conservative and pro-American policies, the Democratic Labor Party restored public trust by leading protests against the United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement. The controversy surrounding key agreements in the Korea-US FTA also bolstered support for the anti-American stance of the Jaju-faction.
The Democratic Labor Party further strengthened its position by coordinating protests with the KCTU against the Lee Myung-bak administration’s anti-labor policies. Simultaneously, it adopted some policies previously championed by the Equality Faction, such as advocating for “free school meals.”[13] Prominent party figures, like Lee Jung-hee, gained public attention by vocally opposing the conservative Grand National Party in the National Assembly.
In the 2010 local elections, the Democratic Labor Party achieved a significant victory, gaining 150 seats in total—the best performance by a left-wing party in Korea to date. Many of these victories were attributed to the formation of an “opposition alliance (Korean: 야권연대)” with the liberal Democratic Party. However, the division within the left-wing camp, split between the New Progressive Party and the Democratic Labor Party, posed challenges during the election.
In response to this fragmentation, the Democratic Labor Party initiated efforts to reunite with the New Progressive Party in 2011. Around the same time, the Participation Party, founded by former Minister of Health and Welfare Rhyu Si-min, also joined the DLP's left-wing reorganization efforts. In December 2011, the three parties agreed to merge, leading to the establishment of the Unified Progressive Party.
Political position
editThe Democratic Labor Party was originally considered as a democratic socialist party, including some left-wing nationalist ideologies. The party strongly opposed two-party system in South Korea, and represented the broad left-wing tendencies against the major liberal and conservative parties.
In 2008, the socialist-leaning Minjungminju-wing (Korean: 민중민주파; lit. People's Democracy-faction, PD) left the party after the ideological dispute about North Korea and established the New Progressive Party. After the party split, remained nationalist-leaning Minjokhaebang-wing (Korean: 민족해방파; lit. National Liberation-faction, NL) tried to make a partnership with major liberal Democratic Party. From the 2010 local elections, the party joined an electoral coalition with the Democratic Party.
In June 2011, the Democratic Labor Party removed "socialism" from the party code and replaced the phrase "socialism" (사회주의) with "progressive democracy" (진보적 민주주의), a liberal ideology.[14][15]
Factions
editDLP was divided into the Jaju-faction(Korean: 자주파; lit. Autonomy faction), which advocated leftist nationalism, and the Pyeongdeung-faction(Korean: 평등파; lit. Equality faction), which advocated democratic socialism.[16]
The Jaju-faction operated as a single caucus, National Union(Korean: 민주주의 민족통일 전국연합; lit. National Union for Democracy and National Unification). It was divided into sub-groups based on regional activities, such as Eastern Gyongggi Union(Korean: 경기동부연합), Gwangju-Jeonnam Union(Korean: 광주전남연합), Ulsan Union(Korean: 울산연합), etc. The Jaju-faction became the mainstream of the party after 2004. Pronounced politicians of the Jaju-faction included Lee Jung-hee, Kim Seon-dong, and Lee Yong-dae.
On the other hand, the Pyongdeung-faction was severly divided into various caucuses. The most representative group was Jeonjin(Korean: 평등사회로 전진하는 활동가 연합; lit. Union of Activists Advancing to Equal Society), which advocated eco-socialism. Jeonjin succeeded Daejangjeong(Korean: 대장정; lit. Long March), a left-wing Althusserian student group in Seoul National University.
Yeondae(Korean: 자율과 연대; lit. Autonomy and Solidarity) was a centre-left caucus, advocated a Nordic-style social market economy and western social democracy. It's leader was Joo Dea-hwan, a former party chairman. The most radical caucus in Pyeongdeung-faction was Haebang yeondae(Korean: 노동해방실천연대; lit. Solidarity for Worker's Liberation), which advocated Eurocommunism and Neo-marxism.
Dahamkke(Korean: 다함께; lit. All together, current Worker's Solidaty) was also belonged to the Pyeongdeung-faction. However, it defended the Jaju-faction in major decisions, which made them classified as a neutral caucus. Dahamkke was an official branch office of Socialist Workers Party in United Kingdom. Dahamkke followed Tony Cliff's thought on Marxism, which called as neo-Trotskysm or International socialism.
Election results
editPresident
edit| Election | Candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Kwon Young-ghil | 957,148 | 3.9 | Not elected |
| 2007 | 712,121 | 3.02 |
Legislature
edit| Election | Leader | Constituency | Party list | Seats | Position | Status | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | /- | Votes | % | Seats | /- | No. | /– | ||||
| 2000 | Kwon Young-ghil | 223,261 | 1.18 | 0 / 227
|
new | 0 / 46
|
new | 0 / 273
|
new | 5th | Extra-parliamentary | ||
| 2004 | 920,229 | 4.31 | 2 / 243
|
 2
|
2,774,061 | 13.03 | 8 / 56
|
10
|
10 / 299
|
10
|
3rd | Opposition | |
| 2008 | Chon Young-sae | 583,665 | 3.39 | 2 / 245
|
|
973,445 | 5.68 | 3 / 54
|
 5
|
5 / 299
|
10
|
5th | |
Local
edit| Election | Leader | Metropolitan mayor/Governor | Provincial legislature | Municipal mayor | Municipal legislature |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Kwon Young-ghil | 0 / 16
|
11 / 682
|
2 / 232
|
|
| 2006 | Moon Sung-hyeon | 0 / 16
|
15 / 733
|
0 / 230
|
66 / 2,888
|
| 2010 | Kang Gi-gap | 0 / 16
|
24 / 761
|
3 / 228
|
115 / 2,888
|
See also
edit- Unified Progressive Party
- Politics of South Korea
- Lists of political parties
- Kwon Young-ghil
- Social Democratic Party (Japan) - DLP interacted with major Japanese social democrats and democratic socialist politicians, including Mizuho Fukushima.[17]
References
edit- ^ Kim, Sunhyuk (2007), "Civil society and democratization in Korea", Korean Society, Taylor & Francis, p. 65, ISBN 9780203966648
- ^ Chang, Yun-Shik (2008), "Left and right in South Korean politics", Korea Confronts Globalization, Taylor & Francis, p. 176, ISBN 9780203931141
- ^ 민주노동당 강령, 민주노동당 강령개정위원회, 2000
- ^ Park, Mi (2008), Democracy and Social Change: A History of South Korean Student Movements, 1980-2000, Peter Lang, p. 231, ISBN 9783039110667
- ^ Bae, Joonbum (2009), "The South Korean Left's 'Northern Question'", Korea Yearbook 2009, Brill, p. 90, ISBN 978-9004180192
- ^ Lim, Hyun-Chin (2008), "Impacts of globalization and restructuring", Korea Confronts Globalization, Taylor & Francis, p. 161, ISBN 9780203931141
- ^ NL-PD 새로운 논쟁으로 진화돼야. 레디앙. 2009-05-09.
- ^ 민족해방운동론(NL)의 확산과 분화. 레디앙. 2012-06-12.
- ^ 봉준호 감독 -민주노동당 지지 선언. 매일노동뉴스. 2004-04-09.
- ^ 파벌: 민주노동당 정파 갈등의 기원. 이매진. 2011.
- ^ 민노당 북핵 대응 내홍…“자위적 수단”↔“비핵화해야”. 한겨레. 2006-10-12.
- ^ 코리아연방 하면 자주적이게 되나?. 레디앙. 2007-12-23.
- ^ 무상급식 '원조' 민노당, 전국에서 '현실화' 나서. 민중의소리. 2010-03-10.
- ^ 정의당이 민주노총을 때리는 이유 [The reason why the Justice Party hits the Minju-nochong.]. 매일노동뉴스. 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
이후 당대표 선거에 나온 후보들은 너도나도 '비정규직의 당'을 만들겠다고 약속했다. 민주노동당은 민족해방파(NL) 세력의 주도로 당 강령에서 '사회주의'라는 말을 지우고 이를 '진보적 민주주의'로 갈아 치웠다.
- ^ 민주노동당 사회주의 문구 뺀 강령 개정 2/3통과. 참세상. 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
최규엽 새세상연구소장은 강령개정안 설명을 통해 "이번 강령개정의 원칙은 당원의 눈높이와 국민의 눈높이에 맞췄다"며 "2009년 6월 정책당대회에서 결정한 선언문에 진보적 민주주의를 새로운 체제적 대안으로 선언했다. 이 진보적 민주주의를 고민하고 토론해 이번 강령으로 제출했다. 강령 개정의 핵심은 진보적 민주주의 체제"라고 설명했다.
- ^ 1980년대 자주파-평등파 논쟁이 뿌리. 한겨레. 2007-12-30.
민주노동당 내부 '친북' 논란의 뿌리는 1980년대 운동권의 '엔엘(자주파)-피디(평등파) 논쟁'으로 거슬러 올라간다. 한국 사회의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 자주파는 통일운동을, 평등파는 노동운동을 그 주된 방법으로 삼았다. 북한에 대한 태도도 두 정파는 확연한 차이를 보인다. 자주파는 북한의 핵이나 인권 문제보다는 평화와 통일 문제를 우선시한다. 평등파는 북한 체제의 비민주성을 비판해야 한다고 주장한다.
- ^ 진보 정당 살리려면 비례대표 늘어나야 [Proportional representation must increase to save progressive parties]. ko: Sisa Independant (in Korean). 29 April 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2021.