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The following events occurred in December 1961:

December 11, 1961: Three-judge panel in Israel announces guilty verdict in trial of former German general Adolf Eichmann
December 28, 1961: Edith Wilson, "The First Woman U.S. President", dies at 89

December 1, 1961 (Friday)

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U.S. Department of Defense mandates fallout shelter signs for all designated public shelters in event of nuclear war[1]
  • The U.S. Department of Defense began the distribution of a unique black and yellow sign to mark each fallout shelter to be occupied in the event of a nuclear attack on the United States. According to a newspaper in Baltimore, Maryland, that day, an elementary school serving the families of U.S. Army personnel at Fort Holabird "became the first building in the country to be marked with the new black and yellow 'fallout shelter' sign." The signs would be a common sight during the Cold War until the early 1990s.[2]
 
The Morning Star Flag

December 2, 1961 (Saturday)

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  • In a speech that began at midnight, Cuban revolutionary prime minister Fidel Castro declared "soy marxista-leninista y seré marxista-leninista hasta el último día de mi vida" ("I am a Marxist-Leninist and I will be a Marxist-Leninist until the last day of my life"). Castro confirmed that he would guide Cuba to becoming a Socialist state, and, in the long run, a Communist state, but added, "I'm saying this for any anti-communists left out there. There won't be any Communism for at least thirty years". However, he made clear that there would be only one political party, "The United Party of Cuba's Socialist Revolution", adding that "There is only one revolutionary movement, not two or three or four revolutionary movements."[6]
  • Dean Smith began his career as the North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball head coach. He opened with an 80–46 victory over the visiting University of Virginia Cavaliers, the first of a record 879 wins as coach of one team.[7] The record for most wins overall (903) was broken by Mike Krzyzewski on November 15, 2011, which included 83 wins as coach of Army before he became coach of Duke University.
  • Actors Dinah Shore and George Montgomery announced that they would divorce after 18 years of marriage.[8]
  • Died: Laura Bullion, 88, American outlaw

December 3, 1961 (Sunday)

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  • Workers at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City discovered that there had been a mistake in the museum's exhibit of "The Last Works of Henri Matisse". For 47 days, beginning on October 18, Le Bateau had been on display, hanging upside-down, and 116,000 visitors had passed it before Mrs. Genevieve Habert, a stockbroker, noticed the mistake. She confirmed the problem by referring to a catalogue of Matisse's works, then talked to various MOMA employees before she was taken seriously. The Museum rehung the painting, right-side up, the next day.[9]
  • Discoverer 35 fell out of orbit about three weeks after its launch.[10]
  • Born:

December 4, 1961 (Monday)

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  • In Toronto, Floyd Patterson defeated challenger Tom McNeeley with a fourth-round knockout to retain the world heavyweight boxing championship. Tom's son, Peter McNeeley, would become Mike Tyson's first opponent upon the latter's release from prison in 1995.[11] On the same evening, Sonny Liston knocked out Albert Westphal in a Philadelphia bout. It was the last bout for both Patterson and Liston, until they faced each other in 1962 in Chicago, with Liston taking the title from Patterson.[12]
  • In elections in Trinidad and Tobago, the People's National Movement, led by Prime Minister Eric Williams, captured 20 of the 30 seats in the Parliament, while the Democratic Labour Party won the others. The voting was split along ethnic lines, with the vast majority of Afro-Creole residents voting for the PNM, and those of East Indian descent voting for the DLP.[13]
  • The Alabama Crimson Tide was voted No. 1 in the final AP and UPI polls, granting them recognition the national college football champion. In the AP sportswriters poll, unbeaten (10–0) Alabama received 26 first place votes and 452 points overall. Ohio State (8–0–1) finished second with 20 first place votes and 436 points.[14]
  • The Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal was established by Executive Order of the U.S. President, for service in specified military operations during designated times. Retroactive awards were made for service in the Quemoy and Matsu Islands (since 1956), Lebanon (1958), the Taiwan Straits (1958) and in West Berlin since August.[15]
  • President Kennedy authorized the U.S. Department of Defense to commence of Operation Ranch Hand, the defoliation of the jungles of South Vietnam. The first run was on January 12, 1962, and the last in February 1971.[16]
  • An agreement on maintaining the neutrality of Laos was reached at the 14-nation Laos Peace Conference being held in Geneva.[17]
  • The Hundred of Hoo Railway in Kent, UK, ended passenger services.
  • Born: Roy L. "Rocky" Dennis, American teenager who had craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, an extremely rare sclerotic bone disorder; in Glendora, California (died of sudden arrhythmic death syndrome, 1978)[18]

December 5, 1961 (Tuesday)

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  • The largest-ever escape from East Berlin to the West was carried out by Harry Deterling, a 28-year-old train engineer, after he and co-worker Hartmut Lichy learned that there was still an open rail connection at Albrechtshof, 0.25 miles (0.40 km) from the border, and that East German authorities were preparing to block it. Deterling's wife and four children, his mother, and 13 friends boarded at Oranienburg, and four others got on at Falkensee. Deterling and Lichy never stopped at the Albrechtshof station, and rushed the train past startled border guards. The train's conductor, and six passengers who had not been in on the plot, elected to return to East Germany.[19] The government tore up the tracks the next day and put up barriers, and there were no further escapes by train.[20]
  • The Titan II GLV rocket, a modified Titan II missile, was recommended by deputies at NASA and by the U.S. Department of Defense for use in the Mercury Mark II (soon renamed Gemini) rendezvous program. Robert C. Seamans, Jr. of NASA and John H. Rubel of the DoD had the choice of the Titan II, Titan II-1/2, or Titan III systems.[21]
  • U.S. President John F. Kennedy authorized American financial support to the Volta Dam project in Ghana, in order to prevent the West African nation from coming under the influence of the Soviet Union.[22][23]
  • Natalie Wood's imprint ceremony was held at Grauman’s Chinese Theatre.[24]
  • Died:

December 6, 1961 (Wednesday)

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December 7, 1961 (Thursday)

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  • Robert R. Gilruth, NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center Director, announced the Mercury Mark II Project, the second phase of U.S. human spaceflight after the Mercury program. The Gemini missions would use two astronauts, in a modified version of the one-person Mercury capsule to be built by McDonnell Aircraft Corporation.[21][26][27] After testing of several uncrewed ballistic flights in 1963 and 1964, the Gemini spacecraft would begin crewed orbital flights, with orbital rendezvous attempts near the end of the project. The total cost for the equipment for the uncrewed and crewed missions — 12 capsules plus boosters and other equipment — was estimated at $500,000,000. The two-man flight program would train astronauts for the third phase of the human spaceflight program, the three-man Apollo missions. Mercury astronauts would serve as pilots for the Mark II, but additional crew members would be trained for the latter portions of the program.[21] On January 3, 1962, the Mercury Mark II program would be renamed to Project Gemini at the suggestion of Alex Nagy, after the constellation of the same name, associated with the "heavenly twins", Castor and Pollux.[26][27]
  • NASA and the U.S. Department of Defense offered their joint recommendations to U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara on the division of effort between NASA and DOD in the Mercury Mark II program, with the U.S. Air Force's Space Systems Division to become NASA's contractor for developing, procuring, and launching the Titan II and Atlas-Agena rockets.[21]
  • Hungarian conductor Ferenc Fricsay gave his last concert, with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, then retired at the age of 47 due to illness. He would die of cancer 14 months later.

December 8, 1961 (Friday)

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  • In a triple-overtime NBA game in Los Angeles, Wilt Chamberlain of the Philadelphia Warriors scored 78 points, breaking the record of 71 set by Elgin Baylor, as the two men faced each other. Baylor, playing for the Lakers, poured in 63 points. The two men had already combined for 100 points (53 for Chamberlain, 47 for Baylor) at the end of regulation with the score tied 109–109. Chamberlain's Warriors lost the contest, 151–147, and while his record carried with it an asterisk, he would score 100 points in a regular game on March 2.[28]
  • A flash fire killed 16 people on the ninth floor of the Hartford Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut.[29] The blaze started in a trash chute and swept across the ceiling tiles, killing 7 patients, 5 visitors, and 4 hospital employees, including a physician. Investigators eventually concluded that the fire had resulted from the discarding of x-ray film into the chute, and ignition from a cigarette.[30]
  • Portugal's ambassador to the United Nations appealed for help from the UN Security Council, reporting that 30,000 troops from India were massing along the border of the Portuguese colony at Goa, and that seven ships from the Indian Navy were approaching Goa's coast.[31]
  • Errol Barrow replaced Hugh Gordon Cummins as Premier of Barbados.
  • Born: Ann Coulter, American conservative commentator; in New York City
  • Died:

December 9, 1961 (Saturday)

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Tanganyika's colonial and national flags

December 10, 1961 (Sunday)

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  • The Soviet–Albanian split was culminated when the Communist government of Albania confirmed that the Soviet Union had severed diplomatic relations on December 3, marking the first time that the USSR had ever withdrawn its embassy from another Communist state. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev had criticized Albanian leaders Enver Hoxha and Mehmet Shehu at the 22nd Soviet Communist Party Congress after the Albanians refused to repudiate Stalinism.[35][36] The People's Republic of China then began a program of emergency aid to the Balkan nation.[37]
  • The Nobel Prizes were presented in Stockholm. Nobel laureates for 1961 were Melvin Calvin (chemistry), Georg von Békésy (medicine), Robert Hofstadter and Rudolf Mössbauer (physics), Ivo Andrić (literature) and the late Dag Hammarskjöld (peace).[38] Albert Luthuli was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first African to receive the award.[39] As with nine previous peace prize laureates, the selection was delayed by the Nobel Committee because of questions of whether any of the nominees met the criteria in Alfred Nobel's will.
  • Operation Plowshare, the American experiment in using atomic weapons for peaceful purposes, began with Project Gnome, the underground explosion of a 3-kiloton atomic bomb near Carlsbad, New Mexico. Although the test device was placed 1,200 feet (370 m) below the surface in a cavern of rock salt, water within the salt was vaporized by the blast and sent a geyser of radioactive steam 300 above the surface.[40][41]
  • Born: Oded Schramm, Israeli mathematician; in Jerusalem (died in a mountaineering accident, 2008)[42][43]

December 11, 1961 (Monday)

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  • NASA set its contract specifications with McDonnell Aircraft for the two-man Gemini spacecraft, with the five objectives of a spacecraft capable of (1) performing Earth-orbital flights lasting up to 14 days, (2) determining human ability to function in a space environment during extended missions, (3) demonstrating rendezvous and docking with a target vehicle in Earth orbit, (4) developing simplified countdown procedures and techniques for the rendezvous mission, and (5) making controlled landing on land (rather than at sea) the primary recovery mode. Target date for completing the program was October 1965.[21]
  • After months of trial before a three-judge panel in Israel, Adolf Eichmann was found guilty of multiple crimes arising from the extermination of German and European Jews during the Holocaust.[44] Judge Moshe Landau started his reading of the verdict with the words, "Accused, the court convicts you of crimes against the Jewish people, crimes against humanity, and membership in hostile organizations," then began reading the text of the judgment. Judge Landau was followed by Judges Benyamin Halevi and Itzhak Raveh. The reading of the entire verdict was not completed until the next day.[45]
  • The first spacecraft emergency exiting exercises began for the Mercury astronauts at the Back River near Langley Field, with training for the astronauts and for helicopter recovery teams. In three days of training, the astronauts encountered no problems in using the top and side hatch exits from the spacecraft.[26]
  • Soviet writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn got his big break when he received a telegram from Aleksandr Tvardovsky, the editor of the magazine Novy Mir, announcing that his novel, with the working title of Щ-854, would be published in serial form. Tvardovsky renamed the book One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.[46]
  • The Vietnam War officially began for the United States, as the USS Core arrived at Saigon Harbor. The ship brought in two helicopter units, the 8th Transportation Company from Fort Bragg and the 57th Transportation Company from Fort Lewis, with 33 H-21 Shawnee helicopters, and 400 U.S. Army personnel.[47][48]
  • The 1961 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games opened in Rangoon.
  • Born:

December 12, 1961 (Tuesday)

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  • Ultimate pressure tests of up to 20 pounds per square inch (140 kPa) were completed successfully on the Mercury capsule and subsequent inspection found no defects. On December 14, water drop tests began with no damage to the spacecraft structure or the ablation heat shield. External pressure tests were conducted at pressures up to 15 pounds per square inch (100 kPa) on December 18 and showed slight bulkhead deflection but well within tolerable limits.[26]
  • Police in Tokyo arrested 13 men in a pre-dawn raid after uncovering a plot to assassinate Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda and the 16 members of his cabinet. The plot, under the cover of the "Society for Japanese History", was financed by industrialist Toyosaku Kawanami with the assistance of former Lt. General Tokutaro Sakurai.[51]
  • The first of a series of satellites constructed by and for ham radio operators, OSCAR (Orbital Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio), was launched into orbit as part of the payload of Discoverer 36. By the end of the century, more than 50 OSCAR satellites had been launched.[52]
  • The South African cricket team won the first Test of their series against New Zealand, at Durban, by 30 runs.
  • The production-standard prototype AESL Airtourer was brought out.
  • Born:
  • Died: Hauk Aabel, 92, Norwegian silent film star

December 13, 1961 (Wednesday)

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  • In Geneva, the United States and the Soviet Union announced that they had come to an agreement on the formation of a multinational discussion to reduce nuclear weapons, in a group described as the "Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament". The United Nations General Assembly endorsed the idea one week later, and the group first met on March 14, 1962. The 18 nations were the U.S., the UK, Italy, Canada and France; the USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania; and the non-aligned states of Mexico, Brazil, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Egypt, Sweden, India and Burma.[53]
  • The chairman of the Dutch cycling federation, Piet van Dijk, revealed his experiences of doping in the sport, stating that, in the 1960 Rome Olympics, "dope - whole cartloads - [was] used in royal quantities."[54]
  • Born: Maurice Smith, African-American kickboxer, World Kickboxing Association world heavyweight champion from 1983 to 1993, UFC heavyweight champion in 1997; in Seattle
  • Died: Grandma Moses (Anna Robertson Moses), 101, American painter

December 14, 1961 (Thursday)

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  • Twenty schoolchildren were killed and 13 seriously injured near Greeley, Colorado when their school bus was struck by a Union Pacific train. The crossing, located to the west of Evans, did not have flashing lights. The engineer for the train "City of Denver", which was inbound from Chicago at 80 miles per hour (130 km/h), told police that the driver, who had only minor injuries, did not stop at the crossing, while a student on the bus reported that the driver stopped at the crossing and opened the door. The 23-year-old driver, Duane Harms, was acquitted of manslaughter.[55][56]
  • The Presidential Commission on the Status of Women was created by Executive Order 10980 by U.S. President Kennedy, with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt as the honorary chairman. The Commission's report, American Women, was published in 1965 and described the unequal treatment faced by women in American society.[57]
  • Nazim al-Kudsi was elected, unopposed, by the 172-member National Assembly as President of Syria. Former Premier Khalid al-Azm withdrew his name from consideration prior to the voting.[58]
  • Tanganyika (the future Tanzania) was admitted to the United Nations.
  • Died:

December 15, 1961 (Friday)

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  • The United Nations General Assembly declined a resolution to allow the People's Republic of China membership. The vote was 36 in favor, 48 against, with 20 abstentions. On the same day, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1668, declaring Communist Chinese membership an "important question", and requiring two-thirds approval rather than a simple majority for all future votes on admission, passed 61–34, with seven abstentions.[59]
  • Soviet KGB officer Anatoliy Golitsyn, who had memorized the details of secret documents and cases, defected to the West at the American CIA station office in Helsinki. Golitsyn has been described by one author as "perhaps the most controversial and divisive defector of the Cold War".[60]
  • The Israeli war crimes tribunal sentenced Adolf Eichmann to death for his part in the Holocaust. Chief Judge Landau delivered the decision in Hebrew at Eichmann's trial in Jerusalem.[61]
  • Pope John XXIII created 23 new memberships in the College of Cardinals, bringing the number to 75, and exceeding the maximum number of 70 that had been set in 1587 by Pope Sixtus V.[62]
  • The 1961 New York City Zoning Resolution was adopted, the first change to New York City's zoning code since the first Resolution was passed in 1915.
  • The BBC presented the first episode in the long-running series, Comedy Playhouse.
  • Born: Reginald Hudlin, African-American writer and film producer known for directing House Party, President of Black Entertainment Television from 2005 to 2008; in Centreville, Illinois
  • Died: William "Dummy" Hoy, 99, American major league baseball player known for being the most accomplished deaf player in major league history; in 1888, he led the National League in stolen bases

December 16, 1961 (Saturday)

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  • The African National Congress, frustrated with peaceful attempts to end apartheid in South Africa, began a bombing campaign with a new organization, Umkhonto we Sizwe, setting off explosions at empty government buildings in Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth and Durban. "Had we intended to attack life," Nelson Mandela would say in a statement at his trial in 1964, "we would have selected targets where people congregated, and not empty buildings and power stations." The Manifesto of Umkhonto, published the same day, began, "The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices— submit or fight. That time has now come to South Africa. We shall not submit and we have no choice but to hit back by all means in our power in defence of our people, our future, and our freedom."[63] The only casualty was one of the saboteurs, Petrus Molefe, who died at the Dube township in Johannesburg, when the bomb he was placing exploded prematurely. There would be 190 attacks in all until the group was suppressed in 1963, and only one other death, when a young girl was killed by a bomb.[64]
  • The British medical journal The Lancet published a letter from Dr. W. G. McBride, an Australian obstetrician in the Sydney suburb of Hurstville, New South Wales, with the heading "Thalidomide and Congenital Abnormalities". The letter, which brought the link between thalidomide and birth defects to the world's attention, began "Sir- Congenital abnormalities are present in approximately 1.5% of babies. In recent months, I have observed that the incidence of multiple severe abnormalities in babies delivered of women who were given the drug thalidomide ("Distaval") during pregnancy, as an anti-emitic or as a sedative, to be almost 20%..."[65]
  • Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa was crowned Emir of Bahrain.
  • Born:
  • Died: Hans Rebane, 78, Foreign Minister of Estonia from 1927 to 1928; in exile in Sweden

December 17, 1961 (Sunday)

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ZAPU Flag
  • The Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) was founded by Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo with the goal of eliminating white colonial rule in Southern Rhodesia (which would become, in 1965, Rhodesia and in 1979, Zimbabwe. The two would later become President and Vice-President of the Republic of Zimbabwe.[66]
  • A fire at a circus at Niterói, in the Rio de Janeiro State in Brazil, killed 323 people and injured hundreds of others. Most of the victims were children; many were burned or died of smoke inhalation, while others were trampled as the crowd (originally 2,500 people) attempted to escape.[67] Towards the end of the second afternoon performance of the Gran Circus Norte-Americano, the circus tent had 2,500 spectators. At 3:45 p.m., as trapeze artists began their act, the nylon tent caught on fire and then fell upon the crowd and the wooden bleachers inside. Days later, Adilson Marcelino Alves, a disgruntled worker nicknamed "Dequinha", confessed to pouring gasoline on part of the tent with gasoline, with the help of Walter Rosa dos Santos ("Bigode") and José dos Santos ("Pardal"), in revenge for not being given free tickets to the circus after helping erect the tent.[68] The three conspirators were sentenced to 16 years in prison.[69]
  • A legislative election held in El Salvador, for 54 deputies to that country's Constituent Assembly.

December 18, 1961 (Monday)

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December 19, 1961 (Tuesday)

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Kennedy Sr.

December 20, 1961 (Wednesday)

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Prime Minister Page

December 21, 1961 (Thursday)

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December 22, 1961 (Friday)

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  • McDonnell Aircraft accepted NASA's Letter Contract NAS 9-170 specifications, to design and manufacture 12 spacecraft, 15 launch vehicle adapters, and 11 target vehicle docking adapters for Mercury Mark II, along with static test articles and all ancillary hardware necessary to support spacecraft operations. Major items to be furnished by the U.S. Government to McDonnell to be integrated into the spacecraft were the paraglider, launch vehicle and facilities, astronaut pressure suits and survival equipment, and orbiting target vehicle. The first spacecraft, with launch vehicle adapter, was to be ready for delivery in 15 months (by March 1963), with each of the remaining 11 to follow at 60-day intervals, and initial Government obligation under the contract was $25 million.[21]
  • U.S. Army Specialist 4 James T. Davis, of Livingston, Tennessee, became the first American combat fatality in the Vietnam War. Davis, aged 25, had been ordered to lead a South Vietnamese Army team near Cau Xang, 10 miles (16 km) west of Saigon. Davis was the lone American among ten soldiers killed in a Viet Cong ambush.[84]
  • The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ljubljana was elevated to the status of a Metropolitan Archdiocese.
  • France granted the Comoros Islands internal political autonomy.
  • Born:
  • Died: Elia Dalla Costa, 89, Italian cardinal

December 23, 1961 (Saturday)

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  • A crowded railroad car, carrying Christmas shoppers, as well as students and migrant workers heading home for the holiday, jumped a track near Catanzaro in Southern Italy, and plunged down a 100-foot (30 m) embankment and into the rain swollen Fiumarella River, killing 71 people. The dead were from the villages of Cerrisi, Decollatura, and Soveria Mannelli.[85] The engineer, Ciro Micelli, survived and was later sentenced to ten years in prison for manslaughter after a court found that he had taken the curved railroad track at almost twice the speed limit.[86][87]
  • Eighteen people on the motor launch Roby Anita drowned after the boat capsized off of Mindanao Island in the Philippines. Another 63 were rescued.[88][89]
  • Luxembourg's National Day, the Grand Duke's Official Birthday, was set as June 23 by Grand Ducal decree.
  • Born: Carol Smillie, Scottish TV personality; in Glasgow
  • Died:
    • Kurt "Panzermeyer" Meyer, 51, German General and convicted war criminal who defended against the Normandy invasion during World War II; of a heart attack
    • Wolfgang Steinecke, 51, German musician who founded the Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik in Darmstadt; after being struck by a car

December 24, 1961 (Sunday)

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December 25, 1961 (Monday)

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December 26, 1961 (Tuesday)

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  • The Manned Spacecraft Center directed Air Force Space Systems Division to authorize contractors to begin the work necessary to use the Titan II in the Mercury Mark II program. On December 27, Martin-Baltimore received a go-ahead on the launch vehicle from the Air Force. A letter contract for 15 Gemini launch vehicles and associated aerospace ground equipment followed on January 19, 1962.[21]
  • The Kingdom of Yemen, which had joined Egypt and Syria in March 1958 to become part of the United Arab Republic, broke ties with the government of Egypt's Gamel Abdel Nasser. The Imam of Yemen had retained his throne while being linked with the UAR under the collective name "United Arab States".[100]
  • The government of Lebanon passed a new Higher Education Law.
  • British driver Jim Clark won the 1961 South African Grand Prix.

December 27, 1961 (Wednesday)

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  • The Empire State Building, at that time still the tallest skyscraper in the world, was sold to a group of investors headed by Lawrence A. Wien for $65,000,000. In what was described, at that time, as "the most complex transaction in real estate history", the closing, required the services of almost 100 professionals. It took place at the headquarters of the seller, the Prudential Insurance Company, in Newark, and the signing of the necessary documents took more than two hours.[101]
  • Four days after the Catanzaro train wreck that killed 71 people, a crowd of more than 3,000 people, most of them friends and relatives of the dead, attacked the privately owned Italian railroad line, tearing up the tracks and wrecking stations. Angry protesters set fire to the terminal at Soveria-Mannelli, and at Decollatura, the crowd tore down telephone poles.[102]
  • The Scout Association of Hong Kong held its Hong Kong Golden Jubilee Jamborette, celebrating the 50th anniversary of Scouting in Hong Kong.
  • Anatoly Dobrynin was named as the new Soviet ambassador to the United States, replacing Mikhail A. Menshikov.[103]
  • Born: Guido Westerwelle, Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011; in Bad Honnef (died of leukemia, 2016)
  • Died: Hermann Foertsch, 66, German World War II general

December 28, 1961 (Thursday)

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View of the bridge from the Maryland side in 2019[104]
  • The Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge opened to traffic for the first time, with the bridge being named after the 28th U.S. president. Edith Wilson was supposed to have been the guest of honor at the bridge's dedication ceremony in Washington, D.C., but died that very morning. In October 2000, construction on a new, more modern bridge began. The outer loop span of the new bridge opened in June 2006; the inner loop opening just 2 years later. The original 1961 bridge would be demolished in July 2006.[105][106]
  • The Defence Food Research Laboratory was established in Mysore, India.
  • Canada's first BOMARC Missile squadron was formed.
  • Born: Katina Schubert, German politician and leader of the leftist party Die Linke; in Heidelberg
  • Died: Edith Wilson, 89, sometimes referred to as the "first woman president"[107] of the United States after her husband, Woodrow Wilson, was disabled by a stroke. Mrs. Wilson's passing occurred on the 105th anniversary of her husband's birth.[108]

December 29, 1961 (Friday)

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  • NASA issued the Gemini Operational and Management Plan, which outlined the roles and responsibilities of NASA and Department of Defense in the Mercury Mark II program. NASA would be responsible for overall program planning, direction, systems engineering, and operation-including Gemini spacecraft development; Gemini/Agena rendezvous and docking equipment development; Titan II/Gemini spacecraft systems integration; launch, flight, and recovery operations; command, tracking, and telemetry during orbital operations; and reciprocal support of Department of Defense space projects and programs within the scope of the Gemini program. The U.S. Department of Defense would be responsible for procurement of the Titan II, Atlas, and Agena rockets, Atlas-Agena systems integration, launch of Titan II and Atlas-Agena vehicles, range support, and recovery support. A slightly revised version of the plan would be approved on March 27, 1962.[21]
  • France's President, Charles de Gaulle, delivered his annual New Year's address on national television and radio, and announced that in the coming year, his listeners "would see the end of French Algeria 'one way or another'" and that with the withdrawal of French Army forces from Africa, 1962 would be "the year the army will be regrouped in Europe".[109][110] The declaration was a shock to most of the one million French residents of north Africa who had still hoped that their homes would not become part of an Arab Muslim nation; Algeria would be granted its independence seven months later, on July 5.
  • Enver Nazar ogly Alikhanov became the Premier of the Azerbaijan SSR, at that time one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union.
  • Died: Anton Flettner, 76, German aviation engineer and inventor

December 30, 1961 (Saturday)

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December 31, 1961 (Sunday)

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References

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  1. ^ attribution: Jud McCranie
  2. ^ "Family Shelters Supported By U.S. Aide". The Evening Sun. December 1, 1961. p. 38.
  3. ^ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2055.
  4. ^ Mufti, Malik (1996). Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq. Cornell University Press. p. 136.
  5. ^ "Israel Town Created in Negev Area as First of Co-op Chain". Miami News. December 2, 1961. p. 6A.
  6. ^ "Castro Admits He's All-Out Communist", Miami News, December 2, 1961, p1; Text of Castro speech
  7. ^ Adam Powell and Phil Ford, University of North Carolina Basketball (Arcadia Publishing, 2005) p61;
  8. ^ "Dinah's Marriage Goes On Rocks", Miami News, December 3, 1961, p1
  9. ^ "Painting On Vietw 7 Weeks — Upside Down", Miami News, December 5, 1961, p1
  10. ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  11. ^ Edward Zawadzki, The Ultimate Canadian Sports Trivia Book (Dundurn Press Ltd., 2001) p50
  12. ^ David Remnick, King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero (Random House, Inc., 1999) pp13-14
  13. ^ Scott B. MacDonald, Trinidad and Tobago: Democracy and Development in the Caribbean (ABC-CLIO, 1986) p135
  14. ^ "Alabama Named National Champ", Spokane Daily Chronicle, December 5, 1961, p19
  15. ^ Keith E. Bonn, Army Officer's Guide (Stackpole Books, 2005) p556
  16. ^ Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (National Academies Press, 1997) pp16-17
  17. ^ "West, Reds Adopt Laos Agreement", Miami News, December 4, 1961, p1
  18. ^ McClellan, Dennis (November 20, 2006). "Florence 'Rusty' Tullis, 70; portrayed by Cher in 'Mask'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 11, 2016 – via Boston Globe.
  19. ^ "Hijacked Red Train Flees To West". Miami News. December 6, 1961. p. 10A.
  20. ^ Hertle, Hans-Hermann (2008). The Berlin Wall: Monument of the Cold War. Ch. Links Verlag. p. 52.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART I (A) Concept and Design April 1959 through December 1961". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
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