Diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBALH, DIBAL, DIBAL-H or DIBAH) is a reducing agent with the formula (i-Bu2AlH)2, where i-Bu represents isobutyl (-CH2CH(CH3)2). This organoaluminium compound is a reagent in organic synthesis.[1]
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Diisobutylaluminium hydride
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| Other names
DIBAH; DIBAL; DiBAlH; DIBAL-H; DIBALH
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.013.391 |
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C8H19Al (monomer) C16H38Al2 (dimer) | |
| Molar mass | 142.22 g/mol (monomer) 284.44 g/mol (dimer) |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Density | 0.798 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | −80 °C (−112 °F; 193 K) |
| Boiling point | 116 to 118 °C (241 to 244 °F; 389 to 391 K) at 1 mmHg |
| Reacts with water | |
| Solubility | Soluble in hydrocarbons, THF, and ether |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
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ignites in air |
| GHS labelling: | |
 
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| Danger | |
| H220, H225, H250, H260, H314 | |
| P210, P222, P223, P231 P232, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P280, P301 P330 P331, P302 P334, P303 P361 P353, P304 P340, P305 P351 P338, P310, P321, P335 P334, P363, P370 P378, P377, P381, P402 P404, P403, P403 P235, P405, P422, P501 | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Properties
editLike most organoaluminum compounds, the compound's structure is most probably more than that suggested by its empirical formula. A variety of techniques, not including X-ray crystallography, suggest that the compound exists as a dimer and a trimer, consisting of tetrahedral aluminium centers sharing bridging hydride ligands.[2] Hydrides are small and, for aluminium derivatives, are highly basic, thus they bridge in preference to the alkyl groups.
DIBAL can be prepared by heating triisobutylaluminium (itself a dimer) to induce β-hydride elimination:[3]
- (i-Bu3Al)2 → (i-Bu2AlH)2 2 (CH3)2C=CH2
Although DIBAL can be purchased commercially as a colorless liquid, it is more commonly purchased and dispensed as a solution in an organic solvent such as toluene or hexane.
Use in organic synthesis
editDIBAL reacts slowly with electron-poor compounds and more quickly with electron-rich compounds. Thus, it is an electrophilic reducing agent whereas LiAlH4 can be thought of as a nucleophilic reducing agent.
DIBAL is useful in organic synthesis for a variety of reductions, including converting carboxylic acids, their derivatives, and nitriles to aldehydes. DIBAL efficiently reduces α-β unsaturated esters to the corresponding allylic alcohol.[1] By contrast, LiAlH4 reduces esters and acyl chlorides to primary alcohols, and nitriles to primary amines [using Fieser work-up procedure]. Similarly, DIBAL reduces lactones to hemiacetals (the equivalent of an aldehyde).[4]
Although DIBAL reliably reduces nitriles to aldehydes, the reduction of esters to aldehydes is infamous for often producing large quantities of alcohols. Nevertheless, it is possible to avoid these unwanted byproducts through careful control of the reaction conditions using continuous flow chemistry.[5]
DIBALH was investigated originally as a cocatalyst for the polymerization of alkenes.[6]
Safety
editDIBAL, like most alkylaluminium compounds, reacts violently with air and water, potentially leading to explosion.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b Galatsis, P. (2001). "Diisobutylaluminum Hydride". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. New York: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rd245. ISBN 0471936235.
- ^ Self, M. F.; Pennington, W. T.; Robinson, G. H. (1990). "Reaction of Diisobutylaluminum Hydride with a Macrocyclic Tetradentate Secondary Amine. Synthesis and Molecular Structure of [Al(iso-Bu)]2[C10H20N4][Al(iso-Bu)3]2: Evidence of an Unusual Disproportionation of (iso-Bu)2AlH". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 175 (2): 151–153. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)84819-7.
- ^ Eisch, J. J. (1981). Organometallic Syntheses. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-234950-4.
- ^ m. Scherer, Georgia; Gonzalez, Jordan; Wonilowicz, Laura G.; Garg, Neil K. (2023). "Synthesis of a Furoindoline Scaffold via an Interrupted Fischer Indolization". Organic Syntheses. 100: 304–326. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.100.0304.
- ^ Webb, Damien; Jamison, Timothy F. (2012-01-20). "Diisobutylaluminum Hydride Reductions Revitalized: A Fast, Robust, and Selective Continuous Flow System for Aldehyde Synthesis". Organic Letters. 14 (2): 568–571. doi:10.1021/ol2031872. hdl:1721.1/76286. ISSN 1523-7060. PMID 22206502.
- ^ Ziegler, K.; Martin, H.; Krupp, F. (1960). "Metallorganische Verbindungen, XXVII Aluminiumtrialkyle und Dialkyl-Aluminiumhydride aus Aluminiumisobutyl-Verbindungen". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 629 (1): 14–19. doi:10.1002/jlac.19606290103.
- ^ Thermo Fisher Scientific, Regulatory Affairs (January 3, 2005). "Safety Data Sheet Diisobutylaluminum hydride". Thermo Fisher Scientific. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
External links
edit- Stockman, R. (2001). "Dibal reduction of an amino acid derived methyl ester; Garner's Aldehyde". ChemSpider Synthetic Pages. doi:10.1039/SP161. SyntheticPage 161.
- "Oxidation and Reduction Reactions in Organic Chemistry". Archived from the original on 2011-06-11.
- "Diisobutyl Aluminum hydride (DIBAL-H) and Other Isobutyl Aluminum Alkyls (DIBAL-BOT, TIBAL) as Specialty Organic Synthesis Reagents" (PDF). Akzo-Nobel. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-08. Retrieved 2011-02-23.