Monetaria moneta

Monetaria moneta, common name the money cowrie, is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

Money cowrie
Live animal, with mantle visible
Five views of a shell of Monetaria moneta
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Littorinimorpha
Family:	Cypraeidae
Genus:	Monetaria
Species:	M. moneta
Binomial name
Monetaria moneta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Cypraea annulifera (Coen, 1949) Cypraea barthelemyi Bernardi, 1861 Cypraea circumvallata (M. Schilder & F. A. Schilder, 1933) (Synonym) Cypraea gibbosa Schröter, 1804 Cypraea mercatorium (Rochebrunne, 1884) Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 1758 (basionym) Cypraea monetacongo Gmelin, J.F., 1791 Cypraea numisma Röding, P.F., 1798 Cypraea gibbosa Schröter, J.S., 1804 Cypraea marginata Kiesenwetter, 1872 Erosaria moneta (Linnaeus, 1758) Erosaria monetoides Iredale, T., 1939 Monetaria britannica Schilder, F.A., 1927 Monetaria bulgarica Kojumdgieva, E., 1960 Monetaria chionella Sulliotti, G.R., 1924 Monetaria ethnographica Rochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884 Monetaria ethnographica circumvallata Schilder, F.A. & M. Schilder, 1933 Monetaria etolu Steadman & Cotton, 1943 Monetaria harrisi Iredale, 1939 Monetaria icterina (Lamarck, 1810) Monetaria isomeres Iredale, T., 1939 Monetaria mercatorium Rochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884 Monetaria pleuronectes Rochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884 Monetaria plumaria Rochebrune, 1884 Monetaria pseudomoneta C.-H. Hu, 1992 Monetaria rhomboides Schilder & Schilder, 1933 Monetaria vestimenti Rochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884 Monetaria moneta subalata (f) Schilder, F.A. & M. Schilder, 1933 Monetaria moneta endua Steadman, W.R. & B.C. Cotton, 1943 Monetaria moneta erua Steadman, W.R. & B.C. Cotton, 1943 Monetaria moneta etolu Steadman, W.R. & B.C. Cotton, 1943

This species is called "money cowrie" because the shells were historically widely used in many Pacific and Indian Ocean countries as shell money before coinage was in common usage.

Description and characteristics

It is a quite small cowry, up to 3 cm (1.2 in), irregular and flattened, with very calloused edges and roughly subhexagonal. The color is pale (from white to dirty beige), but the dorsum seems transparent, often greenish grey with yellowish margins, with sometimes darker transverse stripes and a delicate yellow ring. The opening is wide and white, with pronounced denticules. The mantle of the live animal is mottled with black and off-white.

The shell of Monetaria moneta varies widely in shape and color, with some of these varieties having been described as full species. As a result, this species has numerous taxonomic synonyms.

• 
  The underside of a live Monetaria moneta with the mantle partially retracted
• 
  Same specimen, with mantle withdrawn
• 
  Shell
• 
  Dark-backed shell variant

Distribution

A distribution map of Monetaria moneta

This is a very common species which is found widely in Indo-Pacific tropical waters. It is present in numerous regions, including East and South Africa, Madagascar, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, Maldives, eastern Polynesia, Galapagos, Clipperton and Cocos islands off Central America, southern Japan, Midway and Hawaii, and northern New South Wales and Lord Howe Island.

Habitat

This cowrie lives in intertidal rocky areas and shallow tide pools among sea weed, coral remains, and empty bivalve shells. It can be found on and under rocks in shallow water and on exposed reefs at low tide. It feeds on algae and marine vegetation growing on loose rocks and pieces of dead coral.

Subspecies and forms

Subspecies:

• Monetaria moneta icterina (Lamarck, 1810)
• Monetaria moneta monetserpentis Lorenz, Chiapponi & Mont, 2012
• Monetaria moneta tuberculosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)

• Monetaria moneta barthelemyi (f) Bernardi, M., 1861

Forms:

• Monetaria moneta form erosaformis
• Monetaria moneta form harrisi Iredale, T., 1939
• Monetaria moneta form icterina Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de, 1810
• Monetaria moneta form rhomboides Schilder, F.A. & M. Schilder, 1933
• Monetaria moneta form tuberculosa Quoy, J.R.C. & J.P. Gaimard, 1834

Human uses

The shell is used in jewelry and in other decorative items such as baskets and wall hangings.

As money

Main article: Shell money

Shells of this cowrie were commonly used as a medium of exchange in many areas of Africa, Asia and the Pacific islands until the late 19th century.

The Maldives provided the main source of cowrie shells, throughout Asia and parts of the East African coast. Huge amounts of Maldivian cowries were introduced into Africa by slave traders.

It was also traded to Native Americans by European settlers.

For divination

The shell is still used in divination rituals in some African religions.

In the State of Kerala, in India, special money cowrie shells (which are known in Malayalam as കവിടി Kavidi) are used for divination as part of Hindu astrology, as Prashnam. For Prashnam, 108 shells of Monetaria moneta are rotated a number of times and the blessings of God and one's Guru are invoked. A portion of the Kavadis are separated and counted to find out the ruling planet at that time. The results of the Prasna horoscope (a horoscope formulated at the time of arrival of the persons) are compared with the results of the Prasnam, and the predictions are pronounced on that basis.

References

• Verdcourt, B. (1954). The cowries of the East African Coast (Kenya, Tanganyika, Zanzibar and Pemba). Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society 22(4) 96: 129-144, 17 pls.

External links

• On-line articles with Cypraea moneta in the HAWAIIAN SHELL NEWS (1960–1994)
• cypraea moneta
• More habitat info
• Shell money
• Astamangala Divya Prasna an article about divination in Kerala using coweries.
• Photos of Monetaria moneta on Sealife Collection