Copper(I) iodide

Copper(I) iodide
Names
	IUPAC name Copper(I) iodide
	Other names Cuprous iodide, marshite
Identifiers
CAS Number	7681-65-4 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	22766 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.795
PubChem CID	24350;
UNII	7DE9CA6IL2 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5041803 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Cu.HI/h;1H/q 1;/p-1 Key: LSXDOTMGLUJQCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M ; InChI=1/Cu.HI/h;1H/q 1;/p-1 Key: LSXDOTMGLUJQCM-REWHXWOFAV;
	SMILES [Cu]I;
Properties
Chemical formula	CuI
Molar mass	190.450 g·mol−1
Appearance	White solid
Odor	odorless
Density	5.67 g/cm3
Melting point	606 °C (1,123 °F; 879 K)
Boiling point	1,290 °C (2,350 °F; 1,560 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	0.000042 g/100 mL
Solubility product (Ksp)	1.27 x 10−12
Solubility	soluble in ammonia and iodide solutions ; insoluble in dilute acids
Vapor pressure	10 mm Hg (656 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−63.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	2.346
Structure
Crystal structure	zincblende
Coordination geometry	Tetrahedral anions and cations
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H302, H315, H319, H335, H410
Precautionary statements	P261, P273, P305 P351 P338, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 1 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	TWA 100 mg/m3 (as Cu)
Safety data sheet (SDS)	Sigma Aldrich
Related compounds
Other anions	Copper(I) fluoride; Copper(I) chloride; Copper(I) bromide;
Other cations	Silver iodide; Gold monoiodide; Sodium iodide;
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Copper(I) iodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cu I. It is also known as cuprous iodide. It is useful in a variety of applications ranging from organic synthesis to cloud seeding.

Copper(I) iodide is white, but samples often appear tan or even, when found in nature as rare mineral marshite, reddish brown, but such color is due to the presence of impurities. It is common for samples of iodide-containing compounds to become discolored due to the facile aerobic oxidation of the iodide anion to molecular iodine.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Structure

Copper(I) iodide, like most binary (containing only two elements) metal halides, is an inorganic polymer. It has a rich phase diagram, meaning that it exists in several crystalline forms. It adopts a zinc blende structure below 390 °C (γ-CuI), a wurtzite structure between 390 and 440 °C (β-CuI), and a rock salt structure above 440 °C (α-CuI). The ions are tetrahedrally coordinated when in the zinc blende or the wurtzite structure, with a Cu-I distance of 2.338 Å. Copper(I) bromide and copper(I) chloride also transform from the zinc blende structure to the wurtzite structure at 405 and 435 °C, respectively. Therefore, the longer the copper–halide bond length, the lower the temperature needs to be to change the structure from the zinc blende structure to the wurtzite structure. The interatomic distances in copper(I) bromide and copper(I) chloride are 2.173 and 2.051 Å, respectively.^[7] Consistent with its covalency, CuI is a p-type semiconductor.^[8]


γ-CuI	β-CuI	α-CuI

Preparation

Copper(I) iodide can be prepared by heating iodine and copper in concentrated hydroiodic acid.^[9]

In the laboratory however, copper(I) iodide is prepared by simply mixing an aqueous solution of potassium iodide and a soluble copper(II) salt such as copper(II) sulfate.^[4]

2 Cu² 4 I⁻ → 2 CuI I₂

Reactions

Copper(I) iodide reacts with mercury vapors to form brown copper(I) tetraiodomercurate(II):

4 CuI Hg → (Cu)₂[HgI₄]²⁻ 2 Cu

This reaction can be used for the detection of mercury since the white CuI to brown Cu₂[HgI₄] color change is dramatic.

Copper(I) iodide is used in the synthesis of Cu(I) clusters such as [Cu₆I₇]⁻.^[10]

Copper(I) iodide dissolves in acetonitrile, yielding diverse complexes. Upon crystallization, molecular^[11] or polymeric^[12]^[13] compounds can be isolated. Dissolution is also observed when a solution of the appropriate complexing agent in acetone or chloroform is used. For example, thiourea and its derivatives can be used. Solids that crystallize out of those solutions are composed of hybrid inorganic chains.^[14]

Uses

In combination with 1,2- or 1,3-diamine ligands, CuI catalyzes the conversion of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl bromides into the corresponding iodides. NaI is the typical iodide source and dioxane is a typical solvent (see aromatic Finkelstein reaction).^[15]

CuI is used as a co-catalyst with palladium catalyst in the Sonogashira coupling.^[16]

CuI is used in cloud seeding,^[17] altering the amount or type of precipitation of a cloud, or their structure by dispersing substances into the atmosphere which increase water's ability to form droplets or crystals. CuI provides a sphere for moisture in the cloud to condense around, causing precipitation to increase and cloud density to decrease.

The structural properties of CuI allow CuI to stabilize heat in nylon in commercial and residential carpet industries, automotive engine accessories, and other markets where durability and weight are a factor.^{[citation needed]}

CuI is used as a source of dietary iodine in table salt and animal feed.^[17]

References

^ Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.
^ John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–47. ISBN 978-1138561632.
^ ^a ^b ^c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0150". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b George B. Kauffman, Lawrence W. Fang (1983). Copper(I) Iodide. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 22. p. 101. doi:10.1002/9780470132531.ch20.
^ "Verification".
^ "List of Minerals". 21 March 2011.
^ Wells AF (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 410 and 444.
^ Bidikoudi, Maria; Kymakis, Emmanuel (2019). "Novel approaches and scalability prospects of copper based hole transporting materials for planar perovskite solar cells". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 7 (44): 13680–13708. doi:10.1039/c9tc04009a.
^ Holleman AF, Wiberg E (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
^ Yu M, Chen L, Jiang F, Zhou K, Liu C, Sun C, Li X, Yang Y, Hong M (2017). "Cation-Induced Strategy toward an Hourglass-Shaped Cu6I7– Cluster and its Color-Tunable Luminescence". Chemistry of Materials. 29 (19): 8093–8099. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01790.
^ Barth ER, Golz C, Knorr M, Strohmann C (November 2015). "Crystal structure of di-μ-iodido-bis-[bis(aceto-nitrile-κN)copper(I)]". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 71 (Pt 11): m189-90. doi:10.1107/S2056989015018149. PMC 4645014. PMID 26863527.
^ Healy PC, Kildea JD, Skelton BW, White AH (1989). "Lewis-Base Adducts of Group 11 Metal(I) Compounds. XL. Conformational Systematics of [(N-base)1(CuX)1]∞ Orthogonal' Stair' Polymers (N-base = 'One-Dimensional Aceto-nitrile, Benzo-nitrile Ligand)". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 42 (1): 79. doi:10.1071/CH9890079. ISSN 0004-9425.
^ Arkhireeva TM, Bulychev BM, Sizov AI, Sokolova TA, Belsky VK, Soloveichik GL (1990). "Copper(I) complexes with metal-metal (d10–d10) bond. Crystal and molecular structures of adducts of tantalocene trihydride with copper(I) iodide of composition: (η5-C5H5)2TaH[(μ2-H)Cu(μ2-I)2Cu(μ2-H)]2HTa(η5-C5H5)2, (η5-C5H4But)2TaH(μ2-H)2Cu(μ2-I)2Cu(μ2-H)2HTa(η5-C5H4But)2·CH3CN and {Cu(μ3-I)·P[N(CH3)2]3}4". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 169 (1): 109–118. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)82043-5.
^ Rosiak D, Okuniewski A, Chojnacki J (December 2018). "Copper(I) iodide ribbons coordinated with thiourea derivatives". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 74 (Pt 12): 1650–1655. doi:10.1107/S2053229618015620. PMID 30516149. S2CID 54615309.
^ Klapars A, Buchwald SL (December 2002). "Copper-catalyzed halogen exchange in aryl halides: an aromatic Finkelstein reaction". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (50): 14844–5. doi:10.1021/ja028865v. PMID 12475315. S2CID 11338218.
^ Sonogashira, K. (2002), "Development of Pd-Cu catalyzed cross-coupling of terminal acetylenes with sp²-carbon halides", J. Organomet. Chem., 653 (1–2): 46–49, doi:10.1016/s0022-328x(02)01158-0
^ ^a ^b Zhang J, Richardson HW (June 2000). "Copper compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–31. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_567. ISBN 3527306730.

External links

[1] Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.

[crc-2] John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–47. ISBN 978-1138561632.

[PGCH-3] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0150". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[Kauffman-4] George B. Kauffman, Lawrence W. Fang (1983). Copper(I) Iodide. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 22. p. 101. doi:10.1002/9780470132531.ch20.

[5] "Verification".

[6] "List of Minerals". 21 March 2011.

[7] Wells AF (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 410 and 444.

[8] Bidikoudi, Maria; Kymakis, Emmanuel (2019). "Novel approaches and scalability prospects of copper based hole transporting materials for planar perovskite solar cells". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 7 (44): 13680–13708. doi:10.1039/c9tc04009a.

[9] Holleman AF, Wiberg E (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.

[10] Yu M, Chen L, Jiang F, Zhou K, Liu C, Sun C, Li X, Yang Y, Hong M (2017). "Cation-Induced Strategy toward an Hourglass-Shaped Cu6I7– Cluster and its Color-Tunable Luminescence". Chemistry of Materials. 29 (19): 8093–8099. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01790.

[11] Barth ER, Golz C, Knorr M, Strohmann C (November 2015). "Crystal structure of di-μ-iodido-bis-[bis(aceto-nitrile-κN)copper(I)]". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 71 (Pt 11): m189-90. doi:10.1107/S2056989015018149. PMC 4645014. PMID 26863527.

[12] Healy PC, Kildea JD, Skelton BW, White AH (1989). "Lewis-Base Adducts of Group 11 Metal(I) Compounds. XL. Conformational Systematics of [(N-base)1(CuX)1]∞ Orthogonal' Stair' Polymers (N-base = 'One-Dimensional Aceto-nitrile, Benzo-nitrile Ligand)". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 42 (1): 79. doi:10.1071/CH9890079. ISSN 0004-9425.

[13] Arkhireeva TM, Bulychev BM, Sizov AI, Sokolova TA, Belsky VK, Soloveichik GL (1990). "Copper(I) complexes with metal-metal (d10–d10) bond. Crystal and molecular structures of adducts of tantalocene trihydride with copper(I) iodide of composition: (η5-C5H5)2TaH[(μ2-H)Cu(μ2-I)2Cu(μ2-H)]2HTa(η5-C5H5)2, (η5-C5H4But)2TaH(μ2-H)2Cu(μ2-I)2Cu(μ2-H)2HTa(η5-C5H4But)2·CH3CN and {Cu(μ3-I)·P[N(CH3)2]3}4". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 169 (1): 109–118. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)82043-5.

[14] Rosiak D, Okuniewski A, Chojnacki J (December 2018). "Copper(I) iodide ribbons coordinated with thiourea derivatives". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 74 (Pt 12): 1650–1655. doi:10.1107/S2053229618015620. PMID 30516149. S2CID 54615309.

[15] Klapars A, Buchwald SL (December 2002). "Copper-catalyzed halogen exchange in aryl halides: an aromatic Finkelstein reaction". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (50): 14844–5. doi:10.1021/ja028865v. PMID 12475315. S2CID 11338218.

[Development-16] Sonogashira, K. (2002), "Development of Pd-Cu catalyzed cross-coupling of terminal acetylenes with sp²-carbon halides", J. Organomet. Chem., 653 (1–2): 46–49, doi:10.1016/s0022-328x(02)01158-0

[Ullmann-17] Zhang J, Richardson HW (June 2000). "Copper compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–31. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_567. ISBN 3527306730.

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