The core–mantle boundary (CMB) of Earth lies between the planet's silicate mantle and its liquid iron–nickel outer core, at a depth of 2,891 km (1,796 mi) below Earth's surface. The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth due to the differences between the acoustic impedances of the solid mantle and the molten outer core. P-wave velocities are much slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle while S-waves do not exist at all in the liquid portion of the core. Recent evidence suggests a distinct boundary layer directly above the CMB possibly made of a novel phase of the basic perovskite mineralogy of the deep mantle named post-perovskite. Seismic tomography studies have shown significant irregularities within the boundary zone and appear to be dominated by the African and Pacific Large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVP).[1]
- upper mantle
- lower mantle
- Mohorovicic discontinuity
- core–mantle boundary
- outer core–inner core boundary
The uppermost section of the outer core is thought to be about 500–1,800 K hotter than the overlying mantle, creating a thermal boundary layer.[2] The boundary is thought to harbor topography, much like Earth's surface, that is supported by solid-state convection within the overlying mantle.[citation needed] Variations in the thermal properties of the CMB may affect how the outer core's iron-rich fluids flow, which are ultimately responsible for Earth's magnetic field.[citation needed]
D″ region
editAn approximately 200 km thick layer of the lower mantle directly above the CMB is referred to as the D″ region ("D double-prime" or "D prime prime") and is sometimes included in discussions regarding the core–mantle boundary zone.[3] The D″ name originates from geophysicist Keith Bullen's designations for the Earth's layers. His system was to label each layer alphabetically, A through G, with the crust as 'A' and the inner core as 'G'. In his 1942 publication of his model, the entire lower mantle was the D layer. In 1949, Bullen found his 'D' layer to actually be two different layers. The upper part of the D layer, about 1,800 km thick, was renamed D′ (D prime) and the lower part (the bottom 200 km) was named D″.[4] Later it was found that D" is non-spherical.[5] In 1993, Czechowski found that inhomogeneities in D" form structures analogous to continents (i.e. core-continents). They move in time and determine some properties of hotspots and mantle convection.[6] Later research supported this hypothesis.[7]
Seismic discontinuity
editA seismic discontinuity occurs within Earth's interior at a depth of about 2,900 km (1,800 mi) below the surface, where there is an abrupt change in the speed of seismic waves (generated by earthquakes or explosions) that travel through Earth.[8] At this depth, primary seismic waves (P waves) decrease in velocity while secondary seismic waves (S waves) disappear completely. S waves shear material and cannot transmit through liquids, so it is thought that the unit above the discontinuity is solid, while the unit below is in a liquid or molten form.
The discontinuity was discovered by Beno Gutenberg, a seismologist who made several important contributions to the study and understanding of the Earth's interior. The CMB has also been referred to as the Gutenberg discontinuity, the Oldham-Gutenberg discontinuity, or the Wiechert-Gutenberg discontinuity.[citation needed] In modern times, however, the term Gutenberg discontinuity or the "G" is most commonly used in reference to a decrease in seismic velocity with depth that is sometimes observed at about 100 km below the Earth's oceans.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Lekic, V.; Cottaar, S.; Dziewonski, A. & Romanowicz, B. (2012). "Cluster analysis of global lower mantle". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 357–358 (1–3): 68–77. Bibcode:2012E&PSL.357...68L. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.014.1–3&rft.pages=68-77&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.014&rft_id=info:bibcode/2012E&PSL.357...68L&rft.au=Lekic, V.&rft.au=Cottaar, S.&rft.au=Dziewonski, A.&rft.au=Romanowicz, B.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Core–mantle boundary" class="Z3988">
- ^ Lay, Thorne; Hernlund, John; Buffett, Bruce A. (2008). "Core–mantle boundary heat flow". Nature Geoscience. 1 (1): 25–32. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1...25L. doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.44. ISSN 1752-0894.25-32&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1752-0894&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/ngeo.2007.44&rft_id=info:bibcode/2008NatGe...1...25L&rft.aulast=Lay&rft.aufirst=Thorne&rft.au=Hernlund, John&rft.au=Buffett, Bruce A.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Core–mantle boundary" class="Z3988">
- ^ WR Peltier (2007). "Mantle Dynamics and the D" Layer: Impacts of the Post Perovskite Phase". In Kei Hirose; John Brodholt; Thome Lay; David Yuen (eds.). Post-Perovskite: The Last Mantle Phase Transition (PDF). American Geophysical Union. pp. 217–227. ISBN 978-0-87590-439-9.217-227&rft.pub=American Geophysical Union&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87590-439-9&rft.au=WR Peltier&rft_id=http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/~peltier/pubs_books/W.R.%20Peltier,%20Mantle%20Dynamics%20and%20the%20D%20doubleprime%20Layer.Implications%20of%20the%20Post-perovskite%20Phase,%20AGU%20Geodynamics%20Series%20Monograph,%20AGU%20Books,%20pages%20217-227,%202007.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Core–mantle boundary" class="Z3988">
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Bullen K., Compressibility-pressure hypothesis and the Earth’s interior. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Geophysical Supplements, 5, 355–368., 1949
- ^ Creager, K.C. and Jordan, T.H. (1986). Asperical structure of the core-mantle boundary. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 1497-1500
- ^ Czechowski L. (1993) Geodesy and Physics of the Earth pp 392-395, The Origin of Hotspots and The D” Layer
- ^ Torsvik, Trond H.; Smethurst, Mark A.; Burke, Kevin; Steinberger, Bernhard (2006). "Large igneous provinces generated from the margins of the large low-velocity provinces in the deep mantle". Geophysical Journal International. 167 (3): 1447–1460. Bibcode:2006GeoJI.167.1447T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-
- ^ Dziewonski, Adam M.; Anderson, Don L. (1981-06-01). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode:1981PEPI...25..297D. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7. ISSN 0031-9201.297-356&rft.date=1981-06-01&rft.issn=0031-9201&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7&rft_id=info:bibcode/1981PEPI...25..297D&rft.aulast=Dziewonski&rft.aufirst=Adam M.&rft.au=Anderson, Don L.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Core–mantle boundary" class="Z3988">
- ^ Schmerr, N. (2012-03-22). "The Gutenberg Discontinuity: Melt at the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary". Science. 335 (6075): 1480–1483. Bibcode:2012Sci...335.1480S. doi:10.1126/science.1215433. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22442480. S2CID 206538202.1480-1483&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206538202#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:bibcode/2012Sci...335.1480S&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126/science.1215433&rft_id=info:pmid/22442480&rft.aulast=Schmerr&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Core–mantle boundary" class="Z3988">
External links
edit- Earth's Core–Mantle Boundary Has Core-Rigidity Zone
- Audrey Slesinger (January 2001), "Earth's interior: Redefining the Core–Mantle Boundary", Geotimes, The American Geological Institute, retrieved 2011-03-24
- Mineral phase change at the boundary
- Superplumes at the boundary Archived 2006-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
- About.com article on the name of D″ Archived 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine