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The usage of a language is the ways in which its written and spoken variations are routinely employed by its speakers; that is, it refers to "the collective habits of a language's native speakers",[1] as opposed to idealized models of how a language works (or should work) in the abstract. For instance, Fowler characterized usage as "the way in which a word or phrase is normally and correctly used" and as the "points of grammar, syntax, style, and the choice of words."[2] In everyday usage, language is used differently, depending on the situation and individual.[3] Individual language users can shape language structures and language usage based on their community.[4]
In the descriptive tradition of language analysis, by way of contrast, "correct" tends to mean functionally adequate for the purposes of the speaker or writer using it, and adequately idiomatic to be accepted by the listener or reader; usage is also, however, a concern for the prescriptive tradition, for which "correctness" is a matter of arbitrating style.[5][6]
Common usage may be used as one of the criteria of laying out prescriptive norms for codified standard language usage.[7]
Everyday language users, including editors and writers, look at dictionaries, style guides, usage guides, and other published authoritative works to help inform their language decisions. This takes place because of the perception that Standard English is determined by language authorities.[8] For many language users, the dictionary is the source of correct language use, as far as accurate vocabulary and spelling go.[9] Modern dictionaries are not generally prescriptive, but they often include "usage notes" which may describe words as "formal", "informal", "slang", and so on.[10] "Despite occasional usage notes, lexicographers generally disclaim any intent to guide writers and editors on the thorny points of English usage."[1]
History
editAccording to Jeremy Butterfield, "The first person we know of who made usage refer to language was Daniel Defoe, at the end of the seventeenth century". Defoe proposed the creation of a language society of 36 individuals who would set prescriptive language rules for the approximately six million English speakers.[5]
The Latin equivalent usus was a crucial term in the research of Danish linguists Otto Jespersen and Louis Hjelmslev.[11] They used the term to designate usage that has widespread or significant acceptance among speakers of a language, regardless of its conformity to the sanctioned standard language norms.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- Nebeská, Iva (2017). "ÚZUS". In Karlík, Petr; Nekula, Marek; Pleskalová, Jana (eds.). Nový encyklopedický slovník češtiny (in Czech).
- Markowski, Andrzej (2005). Kultura języka polskiego. Teoria. Zagadnienia leksykalne (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. ISBN 83-01-14526-9.
- ^ a b University of Chicago (2010). "Grammar versus usage". The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226104201.
- ^ H. W. Fowler's A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
- ^ Smith, N. (2006-01-01), Brown, Keith (ed.), "History of Linguistics: Discipline of Linguistics", Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition), Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 341–355, doi:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/04446-1, ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1, retrieved 2023-11-01
- ^ von Mengden, Ferdinand; Coussé, Evie (2014), "Introduction. The role of change in usage-based conceptions of language", Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 1–20, retrieved 2023-11-01
- ^ a b Butterfield, Jeremy (2008). Damp Squid: The English Language Laid Bare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 137–138. ISBN 9780199574094.
- ^ Curzan, Anne (2014). Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History. Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-1107020757.
- ^ Korpysz, Tomasz (2017-01-29). "Uwaga na uzus". Porady (in Polish). Idziemy. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
- ^ Frandsen, Jacob (2014-03-20). "Interpreting Standard Usage Empirically". Theses and Dissertations.
- ^ Fronk, Amanda (2014-06-10). "Determining Dictionary and Usage Guide Agreement with Real-World Usage: A Diachronic Corpus Study of American English". Theses and Dissertations.
- ^ R. Thomas Berner, "Usage Notes in the Oxford American Dictionary", The Journal of General Education 33:3:239–246 (Fall 1981)
- ^ Dace Strelēvica-Ošiņa (2019), "The Language of Correctness: Some Terms of Latin Origin", Antiquitas Viva, 5: 191, doi:10.22364/av5.16, ISSN 2255-9779
- ^ Markowski (2005), p. 21