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Commander-in-Chief, Levant

The Commander-in-Chief, Levant was a senior administrative shore commander of the Royal Navy. The post was established in February 1943 when the British Chiefs of Staff Committee ordered the Mediterranean Fleet to be divided into two commands. One was responsible for naval operations involving ships, and the other, administrative and support, was responsible for shore establishments.[1] His subordinate establishments and staff were sometimes informally known as the Levant Command or Levant Station.[2] In December 1943 the title was changed to Flag Officer, Levant and East Mediterranean.[3] In January 1944 the two separate commands were re-unified into a single command merging back into Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet.[4]

Commander-in-Chief, Levant
Active1943-late 1940s
CountryUnited Kingdom
AllegianceBritish Empire
BranchRoyal Navy
Part ofMediterranean Fleet
Garrison/HQHMS Nile, Alexandria, Egypt, (1943-1946)
HMS Stag and HMS Osiris (1948-1950ish)

History

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Shore-based naval area commands in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre had historically reported to the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet.

"A Flag Officer (Liaison), Rear-Admiral F. Elliott, had been appointed to co-ordinate matters of local defence [of Alexandria], and he was already the Fortress Commander in all but name. In war he was to be responsible to the General Officer Commanding British Troops in Egypt for the security of the Fortress, but was to meet the requirements of the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, in every possible way."[5]

In 1940, responsibility for the Red Sea area was transferred from the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies to the Mediterranean Fleet and did not revert until 1942. Following a meeting in London, the Chiefs of Staff Committee signaled on 2 February 1943 to Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, that:[6]

1). The Mediterranean will be divided into two commands:(a) the area to the west line A to B to be the Mediterranean command. (b) the area to the East of the above line to be the Levant command which will include the Red Sea. 2). For the present the line A to B will be the line running from the Tunisian/Tripolitanian border to a position in Latitude 35 degrees North, Longitude 60 degrees East, thence to Cape Spartivento (Italy).[6]

Between 1943 and 1945 the shore commands reporting to C-in-C Levant were Tunisia (1943), North Africa (1943-1944), Sicily (July–September 1943); Taranto (September 1943 - May 1945), FO West Italy (September 1943 - October 1944), Northern Mediterranean (October 1944), and Western Mediterranean (January 1943 - January 1944) & (July 1944 - 1945). The dockyards at Gibraltar and Malta continued as major bases supporting the new organisation.[7] In December 1943 the command was renamed to Levant and Eastern Mediterranean.[8]

In August 1946 the command was retitled the Flag Officer, Middle East, part of the tri-service British Middle East Command, until 1959.[9]

Commanders in Chief

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Rank Flag Name Post Name Term Notes/Ref
1 Vice-Admiral   Vice Admiral Sir Henry Harwood Commander-in-Chief, Levant February – 5 June 1943 [10][11]
2 Admiral   Sir John Cunningham Commander-in-Chief, Levant 5 June 1943 – August 1943 [10]
3 Vice-Admiral   Vice Admiral Sir Algernon Willis Commander-in-Chief, Levant 14 October – December, 1943 [10]
4 Vice-Admiral   Sir Bernard Rawlings Flag Officer, Levant and East Mediterranean 28 December 1943 – -October 1944 From January 1944 FOLEM was responsible to C-in-C Mediterranean.[11][10]
5 Vice-Admiral   Sir William G. Tennant Flag Officer Levant and East Mediterranean October 1944 - August 1946 [12][10]

Sub-commands, 1943 to 1946

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Main article: Naval Officer-in-Charge, Aden

Commodore-in-Charge, Algiers

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Main article: Commodore-in-Charge, Algiers

Flag Officer, North Africa

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Rank Flag Name Term Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, North Africa [11]
1 Rear Admiral   Geoffrey Watkins 12 May – December, 1943 retired[13]

Flag Officer, Northern Area, Mediterranean

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Rank Flag Name Term Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Northern Area, Mediterranean [11]
1 Rear Admiral   John A. V. Morse 25 October 1944 – August, 1945 [13]

Flag Officer, Sicily

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Rank Flag Name Term Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Sicily [11]
1 Rear Admiral   Rhoderick McGrigor 13 July – September, 1943 [13]

Flag Officer, Taranto Area

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Rank Flag Name Term Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Taranto and Adriatic [11]
1 Rear Admiral   Arthur Peters 13 September – 15 November 1943 and liaison Italy[13]
2 Rear Admiral   Rhoderick McGrigor 15 November 1943 ditto[13]

Flag Officer, Tunisia

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Rank Flag Name Term Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Tunisia [11]
1 Admiral   Sir Gerald C. Dickens 12 May – December, 1943 retired[13]

Flag Officer, Western Italy

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Rank Flag Name Term Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Western Italy [11]
1 Rear Admiral   John A. V. Morse 30 July – August, 1943 [13]

Flag Officer, Western Mediterranean

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Rank Flag Name Term Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Western Mediterranean [11]
1 Rear Admiral   Charles Morgan October 1943 - January, 1944 [13]

Rear-Admiral, Alexandria

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Main article: Rear-Admiral, Alexandria

The Commander, Levant Area, was responsible to the Rear-Admiral, Alexandria.

References

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  1. ^ (Viscount), Andrew Browne Cunningham Cunningham of Hyndhope (2006). The Cunningham Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 9780754655985.
  2. ^ Stewart, Ninian (2013). The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 178. ISBN 9781135283506.
  3. ^ Roskill, S.W. (2004). The war at sea : 1939-1945 : history of the second world war. Uckfield, Eng.: Naval and Military Press. p. 422. ISBN 9781843428053.
  4. ^ Stewart, Ninian (2013). The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781135283506.
  5. ^ I.S.O. Playfair, The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol. I, p.36
  6. ^ a b (Viscount), Andrew Browne Cunningham Cunningham of Hyndhope (2006). The Cunningham Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780754655985.
  7. ^ Watson, Graham. "Royal Navy Organization in World War 2, 1939-1945". naval-history.net. G. Smith, 19 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  8. ^ Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (2014). "Introduction". The War at Sea in the Mediterranean 1940-1944. Barnsley, England: Pen and Sword. p. xi. ISBN 9781473837140.
  9. ^ "The Western Powers and the ME". Middle East Record. 2. The Moshe Dayan Center: 90. 1961. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d e Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865: Commander-in-Chief, Levant: Flag Officer, Middle East" (PDF). gulabin.com. C. Mackie, p. 171, June 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Watson, Graham. "Royal Navy Organization in World War 2, 1939-1945". naval-history.net. Gordon Smith, 19 September 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  12. ^ Cook, Chris (2006). The Routledge Guide to British Political Archives: Sources Since 1945. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 9780415327404.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Niehorster, Leo. "World War II unit histories & officers". www.unithistories.com. L. Niehorster. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2018.

Sources

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  • Cook, Chris (2006). The Routledge Guide to British Political Archives: Sources Since 1945. Cambridge, England: Routledge. ISBN
  • Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (2014). "Introduction". The War at Sea in the Mediterranean 1940–1944. Barnsley, England: Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473837140.
  • Mackie, Colin. (2018) "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865" (PDF). gulabin.com. C. Mackie.
  • Peterson, J. E. (2016). Defending Arabia. Cambridge, England: Routledge. ISBN 9781317229995.
  • Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848320437
  • Roskill, S.W. (2004). The war at sea : 1939-1945 : history of the second world war. Uckfield, Eng.: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 9781843428053.
  • "The Western Powers and the ME". Middle East Record. The Moshe Dayan Center. 2: 90. 1961.
  • (Viscount), Andrew Browne Cunningham Cunningham of Hyndhope (2006). The Cunningham Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754655985.
  • Watson, Dr Graham. "Royal Navy Organization in World War 2, 1939-1945". naval-history.net. G. Smith, 19 September 2015.
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