Wikipedia

Kerch Strait

(Redirected from Cimmerian Bosporus)
"Cimmerian Bosporus" redirects here. For the ancient state, see Bosporan Kingdom.

The Kerch Strait[a] is a strait in Eastern Europe. It connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, separating the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea in the west from the Taman Peninsula of Russia's Krasnodar Krai in the east. The strait is 3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi) to 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) wide and up to 18 metres (59 ft) deep. The most important harbor, the Crimean city of Kerch, gives its name to the strait, formerly known as the Cimmerian Bosporus or Straits of Taman. It has also been called the Straits of Yenikale after the Yeni-Kale fortress in Kerch.

Kerch Strait
August 2011 landsat satellite photo
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Kerch Strait
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Kerch Strait
Coordinates45°15′N 36°30′E / 45.250°N 36.500°E / 45.250; 36.500
Max. length35 km (22 mi)
Max. width15 km (9.3 mi)
Min. width3.1 km (1.9 mi)
Average depth18 m (59 ft)
IslandsTuzla Island
Location of Kerch Strait

Taman, the most important settlement on the Taman Peninsula side of the strait, sits on Taman Bay, which is separated from the main Kerch Strait by the Chushka Spit to the north and the former Tuzla Spit to the south; the Tuzla Spit is now Tuzla Island, connected to the Taman Peninsula by a 2003 Russian-built 3.8-kilometre-long (2.4 mi) dam, and to mainland Crimea by the Crimean Bridge opened in 2018. A major cargo port is under construction near Taman.

History

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Greek and Roman records

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The "Cimmerian Bosphorus" of antiquity, shown on a map printed in London, c. 1770.
See also: Bosporan Kingdom

The straits are about 35 kilometers (22 mi) long and are 3.1 kilometers (1.9 mi) wide at the narrowest and separate an eastern extension of Crimea from Taman, the westernmost extension of the Caucasus Mountains. In antiquity, there seem to have been a group of islands intersected by arms of the Kuban River (Hypanis) and various sounds which have since silted up.[1] The Romans knew the strait as the Cimmerian Bosporus (Cimmerius Bosporus[2]) from its Greek name, the Cimmerian Strait (Κιμμέριος Βόσπορος, Kimmérios Bosporos), which honored the Cimmerians, nearby steppe nomads.[3] In ancient times the low-lying land near the Strait was known as the Maeotic Swamp.[4][5]

The Cimmerian Bosporus in ancient times was regarded as separating Europe from Asia, just as the Thracian Bosporus did.[6] Most geographers, such as Posidonius, Strabo (Geographica 11.7.4), and Ptolemy, considered the boundary between Europe and Asia to be the river Tanais (Don), which flows into the Sea of Azov from the north; an alternative view, found in the poet Cornelius Gallus was that it was the river Hypanis (Kuban), which flows into the Sea of Azov from the east, close to the Cimmerian Bosporus.[7]

Early modern period

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Views of the Cimmerian Bosporus, or Straits of Taman, as drawn by Edward Daniel Clarke c. 1801

The Kerch Strait was a nearby site of a major naval battle (that became known as the Battle of Kerch Strait) in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). It was fought in 1790 and ended in Russian victory.

Second World War

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During the Second World War, the Kerch Peninsula became the scene of much desperate combat between forces of the Soviet Red Army and Nazi Germany. Fighting frequency intensified in the coldest months of year when the strait froze over, allowing the movement of troops over the ice.[8]

After the Eastern Front stabilized in early 1943, Hitler ordered the construction of a 4.8-kilometre (3.0 mi) road-and-rail bridge across the Strait of Kerch in the spring of 1943 to support his desire for a renewed offensive to the Caucasus. The cable railway (aerial tramway), which went into operation on 14 June 1943 with a daily capacity of one thousand tons, was only adequate for the defensive needs of the Seventeenth Army in the Kuban bridgehead. Because of frequent earth tremors, this bridge would have required vast quantities of extra-strength steel girders, and their transport would have curtailed shipments of military material to the Crimea. The bridge was never completed, and the Wehrmacht finished evacuating the Kuban bridgehead in September 1943.[9]

In 1944 the Soviets built a "provisional" railway bridge (Kerch railway bridge) across the strait. Construction made use of supplies captured from the Germans. The bridge went into operation in November 1944, but moving ice floes destroyed it in February 1945; reconstruction was not attempted.[10]

Post-war ferry service

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Main article: Kerch Strait ferry line

After the war, ferry transportation across the strait was established in 1954, connecting Crimea and the Krasnodar Krai (Port Krym – Port Kavkaz line). Originally there were four train ferry ships; later three car-ferry ships were added. Train transportation continued for almost 40 years. The aging train-ferries became obsolete in the late 1980s and were removed from service. In the autumn of 2004, new ships were delivered as replacements and train transportation was re-established. The ferry line stopped operations in late 2020.

Dispute and naval treaty of 2003

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A territorial dispute between Russia and Ukraine in 2003 centred on Tuzla Island in the Strait of Kerch. Ukraine and Russia agreed to treat the strait and the Azov Sea as shared internal waters.[11][12]

Storm of November 2007

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View from the Crimean coast in 2003

On Sunday 11 November 2007 news agencies reported a very strong storm on the Black Sea. Four ships sank, six ran aground on a sandbank, and two tankers were damaged, resulting in a major oil spill and the death of 23 sailors.[13]

The Russian-flagged oil tanker Volgoneft-139 encountered trouble in the Kerch Strait where it sought shelter from the above storm.[14] During the storm the tanker split in half, releasing more than 2000 tonnes of fuel oil. Four other boats sank in the storm, resulting in the release of sulphur cargo. The storm hampered efforts to rescue crew members.[15][16] Another victim of the storm, the Russian cargo ship Volnogorsk, loaded with sulfur, sank at Port Kavkaz on the same day.[17]

Russo-Ukrainian War since 2014

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Main article: Russo-Ukrainian War
 
View northwest from Tuzla Island towards Port Krym in 2014. The strait is about 5 km wide at this point.

Russia and Ukraine agreed to guarantee each other freedom of navigation for ships of both nations in a 2003 naval treaty. Since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, however, Russian forces have forcibly established a new status quo, now being the straits' sole controlling power.

New bridge and naval blockade

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Main article: Crimean Bridge
 
Crimean Bridge in 2019

Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov campaigned for a highway bridge to be constructed across the strait. Since 1944, various bridge projects to span the strait have been proposed or attempted, always hampered by the difficult geologic and geographic configuration of the area. Construction of an approach was actually started in 2003 with the 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi)-long dam, provoking the 2003 Tuzla Island conflict.[18]

After the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea the government of Russia decided to build a bridge across the Kerch Strait. The 19-kilometre Crimean Bridge opened to road traffic in 2018 and the rail section opened in 2019.[19]

Russian state-backed media claims that construction of the bridge caused increases in nutrients and planktons in the waters, attracting large numbers of fish and more than 1,000 endangered Black Sea bottlenose dolphins.[20] However, Ukraine claims that the acoustic noise and pollution from both the bridge construction and military exercises may actually be killing Black Sea dolphins.[21]

Kerch Strait incident (2018)

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Main article: Kerch Strait incident

When two Ukrainian navy vessels tried to pass under the bridge to reach Mariupol in November 2018, Russian forces responded by blocking the straits with a large container ship. Upon turning back, the Ukrainian ships and crews were fired upon and seized by the Russian coast guard.[22][23][24]

2019 gas tanker disaster

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Main article: 2019 Kerch Strait liquified gas tanker fire

Two gas carriers collided and exploded in 2019, killing 14 people.

2021 closure by Russia

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On 15 April 2021 Russia decided to close the area of Kerch Strait to "warships and other state vessels" from 24 April to 31 October. The stated rationale for the closure are military exercises.[25] The closure partially cut off the Ukrainian ports of Berdyansk and Mariupol from the Black Sea.[26] The Ukrainian Foreign Ministry protested against the decision, stating that "such actions by the Russian Federation are another attempt to violate the norms and principles of international law to usurp the sovereign rights of Ukraine as a coastal state, as Ukraine has the right to regulate navigation in these areas of the Black Sea".[25] According to the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry, the decision is a violation of the freedom of navigation under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.[25]

The decision to close the strait was preceded by Russia's warning the United States after the Biden administration's plan to send two destroyers (USS Roosevelt and USS Donald Cook[27]) to the Black Sea amid Russia's increasing military presence near Ukraine.[28] The Biden administration withheld the destroyers after fighting intensified between Ukrainian and Russian-backed separatist forces in an effort to alleviate the tension.[27] Putin had threatened the safety of the US Navy ships, saying that they should stay away from the area “for their own good”. After the destroyers were withheld, Russia took advantage of the opening to close the Kerch Strait.[29]

2021 Donbass ship

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On 9 December 2021 Ukrainian command ship Donbas departed from Mariupol and approached Kerch Strait. It didn't give a notice in advance to pass the strait and was warned by Russian coast guard such a notice should be given for the safety of maritime traffic. At the moment around 80 civilian ships were waiting to pass the strait.[30]

Crimean Bridge explosions

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Main articles: 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion and 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion

In the morning of 8 October 2022 at 06:07 (Moscow time), an explosion occurred on the road portion of the Crimean Bridge, causing major damage. Seven fuel cars of a passing railway train also ignited, causing an extensive fire on the parallel rail bridge, and two half-sections of the road bridge collapsed.[31] On 17 July 2023, two suicide sea drones exploded underneath and damaged a span of the road bridge.

Crimean tunnel

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In late 2023 The Washington Post reported that Russia, with the help of Chinese companies, was contemplating building a Crimean tunnel.[32]

2024 oil spill

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Main article: 2024 Kerch Strait oil spill

On 15 December 2024, the Russian oil tankers Volgoneft-212 and Volgoneft-239 were damaged during a storm in the Kerch Strait, resulting in an oil spill. Volgoneft-212, which was carrying approximately 4,900 tonnes of oil, split in half and the bow section sank. One crew member died of hypothermia, while the remaining 12 crew members were transported to hospital. Volgoneft-239, which was carrying approximately 4,300 tonnes of oil became uncontrollable and started drifting; it subsequently ran aground near the Port of Taman, Krasnodar Krai.[33][34][35]

Efforts to rescue the crew of Volgoneft-239 were temporarily stopped overnight due to the inclement weather, though were rescued the following day.[36][37] It was also discovered that day that Volgoneft-239 had begun leaking oil some time after it ran aground,[38][39] though both leaks stopped that day.[40] Oil spills from both vessels began drifting towards the coast north west of the Port of Taman between the Tuzla Spit and Cape Panagiya.[41][42]

Kerch–Yenikale Canal

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View across the strait in 1839, by Ivan Aivazovsky
Main article: Kerch–Yenikale Canal

In order to improve navigational capabilities of the Strait of Kerch, which is quite shallow in its narrowest point, the Kerch–Yenikale Canal was dredged through the strait. The main channel can accommodate vessels up to 215 meters long with a draft of up to 8 meters with a compulsory pilot assistance. The canal is not straight, and its geometry further complicates safe navigation. The narrowness, limited depth, and turns of the main channel together with the often unpredictable effects of wind and visibility (fog) mean that there are strict procedures regulating strait transit. Transit of large vessels occurs on a one-way (alternating) group convoy basis. Transit procedures have remained unchanged, whether under Soviet, Ukrainian, or Russian jurisdiction. The Vessel Traffic Control Post in Kerch controls and oversees all traffic.

Fishing

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Several fish-processing plants are located on the Crimean coast of the strait. The fishing season begins in late autumn and lasts for 2 to 3 months, when many seiners put out into the strait to fish. The Taman Bay is a major fishing ground, with many fishing villages scattered along the coast.

Notes

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  1. ^ Russian: Керченский пролив; Ukrainian: Керченська протока; Crimean Tatar: Keriç boğazı; Adyghe: Хы ТӀуалэ

References

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  1. ^   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Minns, Ellis (1911). "Bosporus Cimmerius". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 286–287.
  2. ^ Pliny I, Nat. 4.28; Ammianus 31.2.21.
  3. ^ Anthon, Charles (1872) "Cimmerii" A Classical Dictionary: Containing an Account of the Principal Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors (4th ed.) pp. 349–350.
  4. ^ "Hun". Everything2.com. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  5. ^ "Etruscan_Phrases, research providing new insight into Indo-European languages". Maravot.com. 13 February 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  6. ^ Gourova, N. (2014). "What did Ancient Greeks mean by the “Cimmerian Bosporus”?". AWE, 13, 29-48; page 31.
  7. ^ Dan, Anca. (2016). "The rivers called Phasis". Ancient West & East, 15, 245-277; pages 263–4).
  8. ^ Command Magazine, Hitler's Army: The Evolution and Structure of German Forces, Da Capo Press (2003), ISBN 0-306-81260-6, ISBN 978-0-306-81260-6, p. 264
  9. ^ Inside the Third Reich by Albert Speer, Chapter 19, pg. 270 (1969, English translation 1970)
  10. ^ Мост через пролив [Bridge across the strait]. KERCH.COM.UA (in Russian). KERCH.COM.UA. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  11. ^ "Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Ukraine on cooperation in the use of the sea of Azov and the strait of Kerch". www.ecolex.org. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  12. ^ McEwan, Alec. "Russia – Ukraine Boundary in the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014.
  13. ^ "Marée noire: plus de 33.000 t de déchets pétroliers ramassés sur les plages du détroit de Kertch" [Oil spill: more than 33,000 t of oil waste collected on the beaches of the Kerch Strait]. fr.rian.ru (in French). 28 November 2007.
  14. ^ Chris Baldwin (12 November 2007). "Russia Tries to Contain Oil Spill, Save Seamen". Reuters. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  15. ^ "Fuel spill disaster reported in waters near Russia". CNN. 11 November 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  16. ^ Arkady Irshenko (11 November 2007). "Russian oil tanker splits in half". BBC News. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  17. ^ "В порту "Кавказ" затонул сухогруз c серой" [In the port "Kavkaz" a dry cargo with ash sank]. lenta.ru. 11 November 2007.
  18. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
  19. ^ "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 74/17 "Problem of the militarization of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, Ukraine, as well as parts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov"". United Nations Documents. 13 December 2019.
  20. ^ Goldman E.. 2017. Crimean bridge construction boosts dolphin population in Kerch Strait. The Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved on 10 March 2017
  21. ^ "Ukrainian scientist: Dolphins in the Black Sea are dying because of the construction of the Kerch Strait bridge and military exercises". www.uawire.org. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  22. ^ "Explaining the naval clash between Russia and Ukraine". The Economist. 1 December 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  23. ^ "Ukraine–Russia clash: MPs back martial law". BBC News. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  24. ^ "Ukraine accuses Russia of firing on its ships near Crimea", The Irish Times, 25 November 2018, retrieved 6 October 2019
  25. ^ a b c "Ukraine protests against Russia's restrictions on freedom of navigation in Black Sea". Ukrinform. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  26. ^ "Rosjanie dokręcają śrubę, a świat się przygląda [ANALIZA]" [The Russians tighten the screw and the world is watching [ANALYSIS]] (in Polish). Onet. 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  27. ^ a b "Putin closes off access to Black Sea after Biden's about-face on Ukraine". New York Post. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  28. ^ "Royal Navy: Reports Russia is closing Kerch Strait in Black Sea as Ukraine tensions escalate". Plymouth Herald. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  29. ^ "Putin closes off access to Black Sea after Biden's about-face on Ukraine". nypost.com. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
  30. ^ "Корабль ВМС Украины движется в сторону Керченского пролива, сообщили в ФСБ" [The ship of the Ukrainian Navy is moving towards the Kerch Strait, the FSB reported]. ria.ru (in Russian). 9 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
  31. ^ "Crimean bridge fire: Blaze erupts on only bridge linking peninsula to Russia". www.bbc.com. 8 October 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
  32. ^ Miller, Greg; Ilyushina, Mary (25 November 2023). "Russian and Chinese executives discuss Russia-Crimea tunnel project". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  33. ^ "Russian tankers damaged in Kerch Strait were carrying 62,000 barrels of oil products, TASS says". Voice of America. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  34. ^ "Preparations underway to address oil spill in Kerch Strait". TASS. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  35. ^ "Sailors Rescued From Second Russian Oil Tanker Damaged in Storm". The Moscow Times. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  36. ^ "Oil spill near Black Sea after two Russian tankers seriously damaged in storm". France 24. 15 December 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
  37. ^ "All 14 crew members of second stricken Russian oil tanker rescued in Kerch Strait". Novaya Gazeta Europe. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  38. ^ "All 14 crew members of second stricken Russian oil tanker rescued in Kerch Strait". Novaya Gazeta Europe. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  39. ^ "Preparations underway to address oil spill in Kerch Strait". TASS. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  40. ^ "All 14 crew members of second stricken Russian oil tanker rescued in Kerch Strait". Novaya Gazeta Europe. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  41. ^ "All 14 crew members of second stricken Russian oil tanker rescued in Kerch Strait". Novaya Gazeta Europe. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  42. ^ "Preparations underway to address oil spill in Kerch Strait". TASS. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
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