Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum, a chili-pepper variety of Capsicum annuum, is native to southern North America and northern South America.[2] Common names include chiltepín, Indian pepper, grove pepper, chiltepe, and chile tepín, as well as turkey, bird’s eye, or simply bird peppers (due to their consumption and spread by wild birds; "unlike humans birds are impervious to the heat of peppers").[4] Tepín is derived from a Nahuatl word meaning "flea". This variety is the most likely progenitor of the domesticated C. annuum var. annuum.[5] Another similar-sized pepper, 'Pequin' (also called 'piquin') is often confused with tepin, although the tepin fruit is round to oval where as the pequin's fruit is oval with a point, and the leaves, stems and plant structures are very different on each plant.
| Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Solanaceae |
| Genus: | Capsicum |
| Species: | |
| Variety: | C. a. var. glabriusculum
|
| Trinomial name | |
| Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum | |
|---|---|
| Heat |  Exceptionally hot |
| Scoville scale | 465,000–1,629,000, or 325,000–2,469,000[3] SHU |
Description
editChiltepin is a perennial shrub that usually grows to a height of around 1 m (3 ft 3 in), but sometimes reaches 3 m (9 ft 10 in).[6] In areas without hard frost in winter, plants can live 35–50 years.
Fruit
edit-
Cluster of 18 intertwined plants -
Capsicum annuum chiltepin dried
The tiny chili peppers of C. a. var. glabriusculum are red to orange-red, usually slightly ellipsoidal, and about 0.8 cm (1⁄3 in) in diameter.[7] Some strains of tepin peppers are much closer to perfectly round when fresh. A dried tepin pepper appears quite round even if it was slightly ellipsoidal when fresh. Tepin peppers are very hot, in Scoville Heat Units (SHU) measuring between 465,000–1,629,000, or 325,000–2,469,000 depending on the capsaicinoid ⇨ SHU conversion method.[3]
The tepin can be hotter than the habanero or red savina, with the highest levels seen in green fruit 40-50 days after fruit set.[3]
However and since this pepper is primarily harvested from wild stands in the Mexican desert,[3] the heat level of the fruit can vary greatly from year to year, depending on the amount of natural rainfall that occurs during the time the fruits are forming. Fruit heat levels can be weak during drought years, and normal rainfall years produce the highest heat levels. The heat levels also varies between the green fresh fruits (which are pickled in vinegar), red-ripe fresh fruits, dried whole fruit, and dried fruit with the seeds removed, with heat levels arranged from hottest to mildest in that order. Around 50 tons are estimated to be harvested commercially annually in Mexico, primarily in Sonora.[3]
In Mexico, the heat of the chiltepin is called arrebatado ("rapid" or "violent"), because, while the heat is intense, it is not very enduring. This stands in contrast to the domesticated 'Pequin' variety, which is the same size as the wild tepin, but is oval-shaped, and delivers a decidedly different experience.
The different drying methods used for the tepin and 'Pequin', can help tell these peppers apart. Tepins are always sun-dried, whereas the Pequins are commonly dried over wood smoke, and the smell of the smoke in the Pequins can help separate the two varieties. Pequins are not as hot as chiltepins (only about 30,000–50,000 Scoville units),[8] but they have a much slower and longer-lasting effect.
Habitat and range
editC. a. var. glabriusculum is native to the Sonoran-Arizonan desert and can be found in Texas, Arizona, Louisiana and Florida in the Southern United States, the Bahamas, the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and Colombia.[2] It prefers well-drained soils, such as silty or sandy loams, and 800–2,000 mm (31–79 in) of annual precipitation in Puerto Rico. It may be found in areas with a broken forest canopy or disturbed areas that lack tree cover if moisture and soil are favorable. Elsewhere, such as in Arizona, it may require the partial shading of a nurse plant.[7]
Symbolism
editChiltepin was named "the official native pepper of Texas" in 1997,[9] two years after the jalapeño became the official pepper of Texas.[10]
Conservation
editIn 1999, Native Seeds/SEARCH and the United States Forest Service established the 2,500-acre (1,000 ha)[11] Wild Chile Botanical Area in the Coronado National Forest. Located in the Rock Corral Canyon near Tumacacori, Arizona,[12] the preserve protects a large C. a. var. glabriusculum population for study[13] and as a genetic reserve.[12]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum, Cayenne Pepper. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ a b c "Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
- ^ a b c d e
- González-Zamora, Alberto; Sierra-Campos, Erick; Pérez-Morales, Rebeca; Vázquez-Vázquez, Cirilo; Gallegos-Robles, Miguel A.; López-Martínez, José D.; García-Hernández, José L. (2015). "Measurement of Capsaicinoids in Chiltepin Hot Pepper: A Comparison Study between Spectrophotometric Method and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis". Journal of Chemistry. 2015. Hindawi: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2015/709150. ISSN 2090-9063. S2CID 95812252.
- Sanatombi, K.; Sharma, G. J. (2008-12-30). "Capsaicin Content and Pungency of Different Capsicum spp. Cultivars". Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 36 (2). University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca Transylvania Horticulture and Forestry Society: 89–90. doi:10.15835/nbha362345 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 1842-4309. S2CID 85653656.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
- ^ Seed Stories - Chiltepin Pepper: Wild Chile of the Borderlands. Rare Seeds (documentary). October 18, 2019. Event occurs at 1:13. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
- ^ Singh, Ram J. (2006). Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement: Vegetable crops. CRC Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-8493-9646-5.
- ^ Richardson, Alfred (1995). Plants of the Rio Grande Delta. University of Texas Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-292-77070-6.
- ^ a b "Capsicum annuum L. bird pepper" (PDF). International Institute of Tropical Forestry. United States Forest Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on Dec 29, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Chile Pepper Heat Scoville Scale". Home Cooking. About.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ Smith-Rodgers, Sheryl (November 2011). "Flora Fact: Tiny Terror - Fiery chile pequín is the state's only native pepper". Texas Parks and Wildlife. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
- ^ "Texas State Symbols". About Texas. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "The Wild Chile Botanical Area". Department of Biology, University of Washington. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-05-31. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
- ^ a b Horst, Todd (2001). "Native Seeds/SEARCH Tradition and Conservation" (PDF). Cultural Resource Management. 24 (4): 23–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-27.
- ^ Ball, Jackie; Denise Vega; Uechi Ng (2002). Plants. Gareth Stevens. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8368-3218-1.
External links
edit
- Tepin, in What Am I Eating? A Food Dictionary