The term "chancery hand" can refer to either of two distinct styles of historical handwriting.
A chancery hand was at first a form of handwriting for business transactions that developed in the Lateran chancery (the Cancelleria Apostolica) of the 13th century, then spread to France, notably through the Avignon Papacy, and to England after 1350.[1] This early "chancery hand" is a form of blackletter. Versions of it were adopted by royal and ducal chanceries, which were often staffed by clerics who had taken minor orders.
A later cursive "chancery hand", also developed in the Vatican but based on humanist minuscule (itself based on Carolingian minuscule), was introduced in the 1420s by Niccolò Niccoli; it was the manuscript origin of the typefaces we recognize as italic.
Blackletter chancery
editThis article is missing information about names of precursors outside of England. (February 2021) |
English chancery hand
editIn medieval England each of the royal departments tended to develop its own characteristic hand: the chancery hand used in the royal chancery at Westminster from the mid-century was employed for writs, enrolments, patents, and engrossing of royal letters; its use continued for the enrollment of acts of Parliament until 1836.[2]
The English chancery hand was already an arcane speciality by the time of the Restoration. Samuel Pepys recorded (Thursday 12 July 1660):[3]
Up early and by coach to White Hall with Commissioner Pett, where, after we had talked with my Lord, I went to the Privy Seal and got my bill perfected there, and at the Signet: and then to the House of Lords, and met with Mr. Kipps, who directed me to Mr. Beale to get my patent engrossed; but he not having time to get it done in Chancery-hand, I was forced to run all up and down Chancery-lane, and the Six Clerks' Office but could find none that could write the hand, that were at leisure.
Cursive chancery hand
editThis section is missing information about "cancelleresca" and "cancelleresca formata". (February 2021) |
The later cancelleresca corsiva ("cursive chancery hand"), often called "Chancery Cursive", developed from Humanist minuscule, itself the progeny of Carolingian minuscule, in the mid-15th century as "a cursive form of the humanistic minuscule".[4] In England and France at the time it was known as Italic.[4] In English it is often changed in spelling to cancellaresca corsiva.[5] The Italian scribe Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi's 1522 influential pamphlet on handwriting called La Operina was the first book on writing the italic script known as cursive chancery hand.[6] He was a scribe in the Papal Curia, which had refined cursive chancery hand in its infancy during the latter half of the 15th century.[4] While considered a cursive, this "papal hand" was "strongly disciplined in form, regular in movement and slightly, if at all, inclined from the perpendicular."[4]
In cursive chancery hand the pen was held slanted at a 45° angle for speed, but it could also produce beautiful calligraphic writing. In 15th-century Italy the cursive chancery hand was employed in correspondence, everyday business, and documents of minor formal importance.
It was adapted as the model for the italic typeface developed by Aldus Manutius in Venice, from punches cut by Francesco Griffo and first used in 1500 for the small portable series of inexpensive classics that issued from the Aldine press.
In 16th-century England it became known as the "Italian hand" to distinguish it from the angular, cramped, Blackletter-derived English chancery hand which had been developed earlier and independently.
See also
edit
- Asemic writing – Wordless open semantic form of writing
- Bastarda – Blackletter script used in France and Germany
- Blackletter – Historic European script and typeface
- Book hand – Legible handwriting style
- Calligraphy – Visual art related to writing
- Court hand – Style of handwriting used in medieval English law courts (also known as law hand, Anglicana, cursiva antiquior, or charter hand)
- Cursive – Style of penmanship
- Hand (writing style) – style of handwritten document
- Handwriting – Writing created by a person with a writing implement
- History of writing
- Italic script – Style of handwriting and calligraphy developed in Italy
- Palaeography – Study of handwriting and manuscripts
- Penmanship – Technique of writing with the hand
- Ronde script (calligraphy)
- Rotunda (script) – Medieval blackletter script
- Round hand – Type of handwriting
- Secretary hand – Style of European handwriting
- Zapfino – a digital typeface that simulates an italic chancery hand, designed by Hermann Zapf
References
edit- ^ Fisher, John; Richardson, Malcolm; Fisher, Jane L. (eds.). An Anthology of Chancery English. p. 3.
- ^ "Palaeography". UK National Archives.
- ^ Pepys, Samuel (1893) [1660]. Wheatley, Henry B (ed.). The Diary of Samuel Pepys. London: George Bell & Sons.
- ^ a b c d Morison, Stanley (2009). Selected Essays On the History of Letter-forms in Manuscript and Print. Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 9780521183161.
- ^ "Cancellaresca corsiva". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
- ^ Lawson, Alexander S. (1990). Anatomy of a Typeface. David R. Godine. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-87923-332-7.
Further reading
edit- Benskin, Michael (2004). "Chancery Standard". Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. 252: 1–40. doi:10.1075/cilt.252.03ben. ISBN 978-90-272-4764-3.
- Osley, A. S. (1980). Scribes and Sources: Handbook of Chancery Hand in the Sixteenth Century. Boston: Godine. ISBN 0-571-11315-X. Facsimile selections from a range of continental and English writing masters.
- Sobecki, Sebastian (2021). "The Handwriting of Fifteenth-Century Privy Seal and Council Clerks". The Review of English Studies. 72 (304): 253–279. doi:10.1093/res/hgaa050.
External links
edit- Medieval writing: 15th century English chancery hand
- Medieval writing: 16th century English chancery hand
- Palaeography: Historical Notes
- Encyclopædia Britannica
- List of online resources for early modern English paleography
- Palaeography: reading old handwriting 1500 - 1800 A practical online tutorial