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Hypogymnia

(Redirected from Cavernularia (lichen))

Hypogymnia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as tube lichens, bone lichens, or pillow lichens. Most species lack rhizines (root-like attachment organs on the lower surface) that are otherwise common in members of the Parmeliaceae, and have swollen lobes that are usually hollow. Other common characteristics are relatively small spores and the presence of physodic acid and related lichen products. The lichens usually grow on the bark and wood of coniferous trees.

Hypogymnia
Hypogymnia physodes
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Hypogymnia
(Nyl.) Nyl. (1896)
Type species
Hypogymnia physodes
(L.) Nyl. (1896)
Synonyms
  • Parmelia subgen. Hypogymnia Nyl. (1881)
  • Cavernularia Degel. (1937)
  • Ceratophyllum M.Choisy (1951)

Hypogymnia was proposed by lichenologist William Nylander, first as a subgenus of Parmelia in 1881, and 15 years later as a distinct genus of two species, including the widespread and common type species, Hypogymnia physodes. It has since grown to about 90 recognized species. Hypogymnia has a centre of biodiversity in China, where many of its species are found.

Taxonomy

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Hypogymnia was first created as subgenus of Parmelia by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1881. He associated it with the species Parmelia physodem (which ultimately became the type species, Hypogymnia physodes), noting the lack of rhizines as the characteristic distinguishing it from Parmelia.[1] Nylander later promoted it to generic status in 1896. At this time, the genus contained only two species: Hypogymnia pertusa (currently named Menegazzia terebrata)[2] as well as the type species.[3] For many decades afterwards, the genus did not have widespread recognition, as most lichenologists preferred to include the "hypogymnioid" lichens in the classic form genus Parmelia.[4] In 1951 Hildur Krog considered the morphology and chemistry of this group of species to be distinctive and reinstated the genus Hypogymnia. Krog included four subgenera, including H. subg. Cavernularia and H. subg.Everniiformes.[5] These later became accepted as distinct genera (the former only temporarily; see synonymy below), the latter under the name Pseudevernia.[4]

In 1974, Krog published an account of three Northern Hemisphere Hypogymnia species that grow on acid rock in arctic and alpine habitats. These species, namely H.  atrofusca, H. intestiniformis, and H. oroarctica, make up the H. intestiniformis group.[6] This biologically discontinuous assemblage of species was segregated from Hypogymnia by Trevor Goward under the genus name Brodoa in 1986. It differs from Hypogymnia in its compact medulla, larger spores and different cortical structure.[4]

Hypogymnia is classified in the Parmeliaceae. The family Hypogymniaceae has been proposed in the past to contain the genus and other similar hypogymnioid lichens,[7] but this taxonomic arrangement has not been widely accepted by other taxonomists.[8] For example, Krog argued that no critical characters had been suggested that could be used as a defining familial characteristic.[9] In the Parmeliaceae, Hypogymnia belongs to the hypogymnioid clade along with the genera Arctoparmelia, Brodoa, and Pseudevernia.[10] All of these genera share the common characteristic of having a loosely compact medulla.[11]

Hypogymnia lichens are commonly known as "tube lichens", "bone lichens", or "pillow lichens".[12] The name Hypogymnia, derived from the Ancient Greek ὑπο- (hupó, meaning "under") and γυμνός (gumnós, meaning "naked"), refers to the bare lower surface of the thallus.[13]

Synonymy

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Synonyms of Hypogymnia are Cavernularia, created by Gunnar Degelius in 1937,[14] and Ceratophyllum, created by Maurice Choisy in 1951. Cavernularia contained two hypogymnoid species, C. lophyrea and C. hultenii. This species pair has an array of pronounced but small depressions in the lower surface, instead of the smooth or irregularly wrinkled surface typical of Hypogymnia;[15] Degelius called these minute cavities (about 0.1 mm diameter) "cavernulae".[14] The two Cavernularia species are otherwise similar to Hypogymnia in terms of overall morphology, microstructure of the apothecia, and chemistry. Molecular analysis showed that Cavernularia needed to be subsumed into Hypogymnia in order for the latter genus to be monophyletic. This suggested synonymy had already been proposed several decades earlier by Veli Räsänen in 1943 and Hildur Krog in 1952, but not adopted by later authors, including Krog herself.[15]

Description

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Closeup of a perforated lobe tip of H. occidentalis

Hypogymnia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens. They are typically greenish grey to brownish grey in colour;[12] some species are yellowish (from usnic acid).[8] The thallus comprises more or less inflated but hollow (tube-like) lobes. These lobes often have a perforation at the tip. The colour of the ceiling of the tubes (the medullary surface) is dark brown or white, and is often used as a characteristic to distinguish between species. The lower surface of the tube is black with a smooth or wrinkled texture.[12]

 
Soralia at the lobe tip of H. physodes; here the tip curls up and back

Rhizines are root-like attachment organs on the lower surface of a lichen thallus, made of elongated strands of hyphae; a shorter version of this attachment organ is called a hapter. Although many recent lichen floras and manuals describe Hypogymnia as lacking rhizines, a 2015 study challenges the universality of this assertion. In the study, researchers studied a large number of Hypogymnia collections, representing 72 species as well as 64 type specimens. They found that rhizines and hapters were occasionally present on the lower surface of 35 species. Two types of attachment organs are found: slender rhizines with fine and tapering tips (found in H. krogiae and H. subfarinacea), and the more common hapters, which are thick with broken tips. Both types are dark brown to black and usually the same colour as the lower surface. In all cases where these attachment organs are found, however, they are few in number and are sparsely distributed on the lower thallus surface.[11]

The apothecia of Hypogymnia are lecanorine in form with a constricted base and are often raised or shaped like an urn. The apothecial discs are red-brown and typically concave. Ascospores are colourless, ellipsoid, and number eight per ascus.[12] They are relatively small, less than 9 μm long.[15] Pycnidia are black and appear as small dots on the surface of the lobes.[12] The photobiont partner is trebouxioid–a green alga from the genus Trebouxia.[16]

The cortex contains atranorin (responsible for the grey colour),[8] while the medullae of most species have physodic acid, and some species contain other orcinol and beta-orcinol depsidones, including protocetraric acid and physodalic acid.[12]

The genus Menegazzia contains species that could be confused with Hypogymnia; Menegazzia, however, has perforations on the upper lobe surface, unlike Hypogymnia. Other superficially similar genera, such as Brodoa and Allantoparmelia, can be distinguished from Hypogymnia by their solid lobes.[12]

Habitat and distribution

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Hypogymnia species usually grow on bark and wood, particular that of conifers. Less frequently, they are found on rock or mossy soil.[12] The genus has been recorded on all continents except Antarctica. In tropical to subtropical locations, Hypogymnia appears to be restricted to high elevations, where temperatures are cooler.[15] Seventeen species are recorded from the Himalayan region of India and Nepal,[17] while 31 species are present in North America.[8] In Mexico, it is relatively rare; of the 11 species recorded from there, only two are known from more than 10 collections, and only one, H. guadalupensis, is endemic to the country.[18] Nine species occur in Europe.[19] Southwestern China is a centre of biodiversity for the genus, as more than 40 species occur there.[20] It is one of the few large Parmeliaceae genera that has its main distribution in the Northern Hemisphere.[21]

Ecology

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There are several lichenicolous fungi that are known to infect Hypogymnia species. Some of them parasitise specific lichens, such as Plectocarpon hypogymniae (on Hypogymnia bitteri), Lichenopeltella hypogymniae (on Hypogymnia zeylanica), Muellerella antarctica (on Hypogymnia antarctica), Phacopsis cephalodioides (on Hypogymnia physodes). Others have a less specific host range, including Abrothallus prodiens, Epithamnolia xanthoriae, Minutoexcipula calatayudii, Trichonectria anisospora, Endophragmiella franconica, Cyphobasidium hypogymniicola, Tremella hypogymniae, and Tremella papuana.[22] The thalli of Hypogymnia physodes are inhabited by various species of orbatid mites.[23]

Uses

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Hypogymnia physodes has been used as a biomonitor for several applications. Examples include monitoring atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition in Norway,[24] the accumulation of mercury downwind of chloralkali plant in Wisconsin,[25] and pollution from several toxic heavy metal elements following the closure of a large mine waste dump close to Zlatna, Romania.[26] It was also used to help evaluate the levels of radionuclides deposited in the environment after the East Urals (1957) and Chernobyl (1988) nuclear accidents.[27] H. tubulosa is an indicator species of old-growth forests.[28] In China, H. physodes and H. pseudoenteromorpha are used as raw materials in the preparation of litmus reagent.[29]

In 15th-century Europe, Hypogymnia physodes was one component (in addition to Evernia prunastri and Pseudevernia furfuracea) of the popular drug "Lichen quercinus virdes".[30] In Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hypogymnia hypotrypa is used for "dim vision, bleeding from uterus, bleeding from external injury, chronic dermatitis, and sores."[31] Hypogymnia flavida and H. hypotrypa serve as raw material in the preparation of antibiotics in China.[29]

Species

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About 90 species are recognized in the genus.[32]

 
Hypogymnia austerodes
 
Hypogymnia farinacea
 
Hypogymnia imshaugii
 
Hypogymnia inactiva
 
Hypogymnia krogiae
 
Hypogymnia metaphysodes
 
Hypogymnia occidentalis
 
Hypogymnia tubulosa
 
Hypogymnia vittata

Hypogymnia contains three species pairs: H. krogiae and the sorediate counterpart H. incurvoides, H. minilobata and the sorediate H. mollis, and H. lophyrea and the sorediate H. hultenii.[15]

References

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  1. ^ Nylander, William (1881). "Addenda nova ad Lichenographium europaeam". Flora oder Botanische Zeitung. 34: 537.
  2. ^ "Record Details: Hypogymnia pertusa (Schaer.) Nyl". Index Fungorum. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  3. ^ Nylander, W. (1896). Les Lichens des Environs de Paris (in French). Paris: Typographye Paul. Schmidt. pp. 39, 139.
  4. ^ a b c Goward, Trevor (1986). "Brodoa, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". Bryologist. 89 (3): 219–223. doi:10.2307/3243288. JSTOR 3243288.
  5. ^ Krog, Hildur (1951). "Microchemical studies on Parmelia". Nytt Magazin for Naturvidenskapene. 88: 57–85.
  6. ^ Krog, Hildur (1974). "Taxonomic studies in the Hypogymnia intestiniformis complex". Lichenologist. 6 (2): 135–140. doi:10.1017/S0024282974000211. S2CID 85672666.
  7. ^ a b c Elix, John A. (1979). "A taxonomic revision of the lichen genus Hypogymnia in Australasia". Brunonia. 2 (2): 175–245. doi:10.1071/BRU9790175.
  8. ^ a b c d Elvebakk, Arve (2011). "A review of the genus Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae) in Chile". Bryologist. 114 (2): 379–388. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.379. JSTOR 41289794. S2CID 85422410.
  9. ^ Krog, Hildur (1982). "Evolutionary trends in foliose and fruticose lichens of the Parmeliaceae". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 52: 303–311.
  10. ^ Crespo, Ana; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Mattsson, Jan-Eric; Blanco, Oscar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Articus, Kristina; Wiklund, Elisabeth; Bawingan, Paulina A.; Wedin, Mats (2007). "Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (2): 812–824. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.029. PMID 17276700.
  11. ^ a b Wei, Xin-Li; Chen, Kai; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Wri, Jiang-Chun (2015). "Rhizines occasionally occur in the genus Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". Lichenologist. 47 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000541. S2CID 84237074.
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Cited literature

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  • Nash, Thomas; Ryan, Bruce D.; Diederich, P; Gries, Corinna; Bungartz, Frank, eds. (2002). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. 1. Tempe, Arizona: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. ISBN 978-0-9716759-1-9. OCLC 50120839.
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