Captain Marvel, also known as Shazam (/ʃəˈzæm/), is a superhero in American comic books originally published by Fawcett Comics and currently published by DC Comics. Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939. Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics #2 (cover-dated Feb. 1940), published by Fawcett Comics. He is the alter ego of Billy Batson, a boy who, by speaking the magic word "SHAZAM!" (acronym of six "immortal elders": Solomon, Hercules, Atlas, Zeus, Achilles, and Mercury), is transformed into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength, speed, flight, and other abilities. The character battles an extensive rogues' gallery, most of them working in tandem as the Monster Society of Evil, including primary archenemies Black Adam, Doctor Sivana and Mister Mind. Billy often shares his powers with other children, primarily his sister Mary Batson and their best friend/foster brother Freddy Freeman, who also transform into superheroes and fight crime with Billy as members of the Marvel Family, also known as the Shazam Family or Shazamily.
| Captain Marvel / Shazam | |
|---|---|
 Captain Marvel as depicted in Shazam!: Power of Hope (November 2003). Art by Alex Ross. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Fawcett Comics (1942–1953) DC Comics (1972–present) |
| First appearance | Whiz Comics #2 (February 1940)[1] |
| Created by | |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | William Joseph "Billy" Batson |
| Species | Human |
| Team affiliations | Justice League Justice Society of America Justice League International Marvel / Shazam Family Squadron of Justice Teen Titans |
| Partnerships | Mary Marvel Captain Marvel Jr. Tawky Tawny The Wizard Raven (mentor) |
| Notable aliases | Captain Thunder World's Mightiest Mortal King Shazam Captain Shazam Lightning Guy |
| Abilities |
|
Based on comic book sales, Captain Marvel was the most popular superhero of the 1940s, outselling even Superman.[2][3] Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted to film, in a 1941 Republic Pictures serial, Adventures of Captain Marvel, with Tom Tyler as Captain Marvel and Frank Coghlan, Jr. as Billy Batson. Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953, partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman.[4] In 1972, Fawcett licensed the character rights to DC, which by 1991 acquired all rights to the entire family of characters. DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times, with mixed success. Owing to trademark conflicts over other characters named "Captain Marvel" owned by Marvel Comics,[5] DC has branded and marketed the character using the trademark Shazam! since his 1972 reintroduction.[6] This led many to assume that "Shazam" was the character's name. DC renamed the mainline version of the character "Shazam" when relaunching its comic book properties in 2011,[7] and his associates became the "Shazam Family" at this time as well.[8]
DC's revival of Shazam! has been adapted twice for television by Filmation: as a live-action 1970s series with Jackson Bostwick and John Davey as Captain Marvel and Michael Gray as Billy Batson, and as an animated 1980s series. The 2019 New Line Cinema/Warner Bros. film Shazam!, an entry in the DC Extended Universe, stars Zachary Levi as Shazam and Asher Angel as Billy Batson. Levi and Angel return in the sequel, Shazam! Fury of the Gods.
Publication history
editDevelopment and inspirations
edit
After the success of National Comics' new superhero characters Superman and Batman, Fawcett Publications started its own comics division in 1939, recruiting staff writer Bill Parker to create several hero characters for the first title in their line, tentatively titled Flash Comics. Besides penning stories featuring his creations Ibis the Invincible, the Spy Smasher, the Golden Arrow, Lance O'Casey, Scoop Smith, and Dan Dare for the new book, Parker also wrote a story about a team of six superheroes. Each superhero in this team possessed a special power granted to them by a mythological figure.[9]
Fawcett Comics' executive director Ralph Daigh decided it would be best to combine the team of six into one hero who would embody all six powers. Parker responded by creating a character he called "Captain Thunder".[9] Staff artist Charles Clarence "C. C." Beck was recruited to design and illustrate Parker's story, rendering it in a direct, somewhat cartoony style that became his trademark. "When Bill Parker and I went to work on Fawcett's first comic book in late 1939, we both saw how poorly written and illustrated the superhero comic books were," Beck told an interviewer. "We decided to give our reader a real comic book, drawn in comic-strip style and telling an imaginative story, based not on the hackneyed formulas of the pulp magazine, but going back to the old folk-tales and myths of classic times."[10]
The first issue of the comic book, printed as both Flash Comics #1 and Thrill Comics #1,[11] had a low print run in the fall of 1939 as an ashcan copy created for advertising and trademark purposes. Shortly after its printing, however, Fawcett found it could not trademark "Captain Thunder", "Flash Comics", or "Thrill Comics", because all three names were already in use. Consequently, the book was renamed Whiz Comics, and Fawcett artist Pete Costanza suggested changing Captain Thunder's name to "Captain Marvelous", which the editors shortened to "Captain Marvel". The word balloons in the story were re-lettered to label the hero of the main story as "Captain Marvel".
Introduction
editWhiz Comics #2 (cover-dated Feb. 1940) was published in late 1939. Captain Marvel, the comic's lead feature, introduced audiences to Billy Batson, an orphaned 12-year-old boy who, by speaking the name of the ancient wizard Shazam, is struck by a magic lightning bolt and transformed into the adult superhero Captain Marvel. Shazam's name was an acronym derived from the six immortal elders who grant Captain Marvel his superpowers: Solomon, Hercules, Atlas, Zeus, Achilles, and Mercury.
In addition to introducing the main character, his alter ego, and his mentor, Captain Marvel's first adventure in Whiz Comics #2 also introduced his archenemy, the evil Doctor Sivana, and found Billy Batson talking his way into a job as an on-air radio reporter with station WHIZ. Captain Marvel was an instant success, with Whiz Comics #2 selling over 500,000 copies.[3] By 1941, he had his own solo series, Captain Marvel Adventures, the premiere issue of which (cover-dated March 1941) was written and drawn by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby.[12] Captain Marvel continued to appear in Whiz Comics, as well as periodic appearances in other Fawcett books, including Master Comics.
Captain Marvel's first appearance, Whiz Comics #2, did not have any copyright registration or renewal.[1]
Inspiration and success at Fawcett
edit
Inspiration for Captain Marvel came from a number of sources. His visual appearance was modeled after that of Fred MacMurray, a popular American actor of the period,[13] though comparisons with both Cary Grant and Jack Oakie were made as well.[14] Fawcett Publications' founder, Wilford H. Fawcett, was nicknamed "Captain Billy", which inspired the name "Billy Batson" as well as Marvel's title.[15] Fawcett's earliest magazine was titled Captain Billy's Whiz Bang, which inspired the title Whiz Comics.[16] In addition, Fawcett took several of the elements that had made Superman the first popular comic book superhero (super-strength and speed, science-fiction stories, a mild-mannered reporter alter ego) and incorporated them into Captain Marvel. Fawcett's circulation director Roscoe Kent Fawcett recalled telling the staff, "Give me a Superman, only have his other identity be a 10- or 12-year-old boy rather than a man."[17]
Through much of the Golden Age of Comic Books, Captain Marvel proved to be the most popular superhero character of the medium, and his comics outsold all others. Captain Marvel Adventures sold fourteen million copies in 1944,[18] and was at one point being published bi-weekly with a circulation of 1.3 million copies an issue. Several issues of Captain Marvel Adventures included a blurb on their covers proclaiming the series the "Largest Circulation of Any Comic Magazine".[3]
The franchise was expanded to introduce spin-off characters to Captain Marvel between 1941 and 1942.[19] Whiz Comics #21 (1941) introduced the Lieutenant Marvels: three other boys named "Billy Batson" who could also become adult superheroes. Captain Marvel Jr., the alter-ego of disabled newsboy Freddy Freeman, debuted in Whiz Comics #25 (1941). Mary Marvel, alter-ego of Billy's twin sister Mary Batson, first appeared in Captain Marvel Adventures #18 (1942). In contrast to Captain Marvel and the Lieutenants, both Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. remained kids in superhero form, and were given their own eponymous books in addition to appearing as the lead features in Master Comics and Wow Comics, respectively.[19] Captain Marvel, Captain Marvel Jr., and Mary Marvel appeared together as a team in another Fawcett publication, The Marvel Family.[19] In addition, there was a talking animal spin-off character, Hoppy the Marvel Bunny, which was created in 1942 for Fawcett's Funny Animals comic book and later given an eponymous series as well.[19]
With Bill Parker having been drafted into World War II, chief writing duties on the Captain Marvel-related comics stories went to Otto Binder by 1942.[20] C.C. Beck remained as lead artist, and he and Binder steered the Captain Marvel stories towards a whimsical tone that emphasized comedy and fantasy elements alongside the superhero action. Other artists associated with the Marvel Family at Fawcett included Pete Costanza, Mac Raboy, Marc Swayze, and Kurt Schaffenberger.[21] Otto Binder would write over 900 of the approximately 1,790 Captain Marvel-related stories published by Fawcett.[20] Several of Captain Marvel's enduring supporting characters and enemies—including the non-powered Uncle Marvel, Tawky Tawny the talking tiger, and the villains Mister Mind and Black Adam—were created by Binder during the mid-to-late 1940s.[22]
Copyright infringement lawsuit and cancellation
edit
Detective Comics (later known as National Comics Publications, National Periodical Publications, and today known as DC Comics) sued both Fawcett Comics and Republic Pictures for copyright infringement in 1941, alleging that Captain Marvel was based on their character Superman.[23] After seven years of litigation, National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc. went to trial in 1948. Although the presiding judge decided that Captain Marvel was an infringement, DC was found to be negligent in copyrighting several of their Superman daily newspaper strips, and it was decided that National had abandoned the Superman copyright.[24] As a result, the initial verdict, delivered in 1951, went in Fawcett's favor.
National appealed this decision, and Judge Learned Hand declared in 1952 that National's Superman copyright was in fact valid. Judge Hand did not find that the character of Captain Marvel itself was an infringement, but rather that specific stories or super feats could be infringements, and this would have to be determined in a retrial. He therefore sent the matter back to the lower court for final determination.[24]
Instead of retrying the case, however, Fawcett settled with National out of court. The National lawsuit was not the only problem Fawcett faced in regard to Captain Marvel. While Captain Marvel Adventures had been the top-selling comic series during World War II, it suffered declining sales every year after 1945, and, by 1949, it was selling only half its wartime rate.[25] Fawcett tried to revive the popularity of its Captain Marvel series in the early 1950s by introducing elements of the horror comics trend that had gained popularity at the time.[26]
Feeling that this decline in the popularity of superhero comics meant that it was no longer worth continuing the fight,[27] Fawcett agreed on August 14, 1953, to permanently cease publication of comics with the Captain Marvel-related characters and to pay National $400,000 in damages.[4][28] Fawcett shut down its comics division in the autumn of 1953 and fired its comic book staff. Otto Binder and Kurt Schaffenberger ended up at DC, becoming prominent members of the creative team for the Superman-related comics from 1954 through the 1960s.[29] Schaffenberger snuck an unauthorized cameo by Captain Marvel into a story in Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #42 in 1963.[30]
Whiz Comics had ended with issue #155 in June 1953, Captain Marvel Adventures was canceled with #150 in November 1953, and The Marvel Family ended its run with #89 in January 1954. Hoppy the Marvel Bunny was sold to Charlton Comics, where a few Fawcett-era stories from that strip were reprinted as Hoppy the Magic Bunny, with all references to "Captain Marvel" and "Shazam" removed.[19]
Marvelman/Miracleman
editIn the 1950s, a small British publisher, L. Miller and Son, published a number of black-and-white reprints of American comic books, including the Captain Marvel series. With the outcome of the National v. Fawcett lawsuit, L. Miller and Son found their supply of Captain Marvel material abruptly cut off. They requested the help of a British comic writer, Mick Anglo, who created a thinly disguised version of the superhero called Marvelman. Captain Marvel Jr. was adapted to create Young Marvelman, while Mary Marvel had her sex changed to create the male Kid Marvelman. The magic word "Shazam!" was replaced with "Kimota" ("Atomik" spelled backwards). The new characters took over the numbering of the original Captain Marvel's United Kingdom series with issue number #25.
Marvelman ceased publication in 1963, but the character was revived in 1982 by writer Alan Moore in the pages of Warrior Magazine. Beginning in 1985, Moore's black-and-white serialized adventures were reprinted in color by Eclipse Comics under the new title Miracleman (as Marvel Comics objected to the use of "Marvel" in the title), and continued publication in the United States after Warrior's demise. Within the metatextual story line of the comic series itself, it was noted that Marvelman's creation was based upon Captain Marvel comics, by both Moore and later Marvelman/Miracleman writer Neil Gaiman. In 2009, Marvel Comics obtained the rights to the original 1950s Marvelman characters and stories, and later purchased the rights to the 1980s version and those reprints in 2013.[31][32]
M. F. Enterprises
editIn 1966, M. F. Enterprises produced their own Captain Marvel: an android superhero from another planet whose main characteristic was the ability to split his body into several parts, each of which could move on its own. He triggered the separation by shouting "Split!" and reassembled himself by shouting "Xam!" He had a young human ward named Billy Baxton. This short-lived Captain Marvel was credited in the comic as being "based on a character created by Carl Burgos".[33] Marvel Comics subsequently created their own character named Captain Marvel in 1967, and Myron Fass sued Marvel for trademark infringement. Fass accepted a $4,500 settlement from Marvel, and Marvel secured the trademark of the name.[34]
Bill Black's attempted revival
editBill Black attempted to revive Captain Marvel in 1969, but written and drawn in a more realistic Marvel Comics style for his fanzine Paragon Golden Age Greats, Vol. 1, #2. However, on the legal advice of his friend and publishing mentor Martin L. Greim, he decided that rather than risk legal trouble with Fawcett Publications it would be better to destroy the entire print run except for two copies that he saved for his personal files. Black then rewrote the story using his own newly created hero Captain Paragon.[35]
C.C. Beck and Rocket's Blast Comicollector
editIn 1970, fanzine Rocket's Blast Comicollector (RBCC) staffed C.C. Beck, Don Newton, Robert Kline, and Gene Arnold for a special issue called The Rocket's Blast Special 8. The comic book focuses on Captain Marvel's origins and creation through a series of columns by the group where they also discussed their history with Fawcett Publications. Along with new and exclusive art by Beck and Newton, the issue included an opinion piece by the staff strongly criticizing the copyright infringement lawsuit by Detective Comics. The opinion piece was titled THE DEMISE OF CAPTAIN MARVEL and is found on the very last page above where the staff still credits the copyright of Captain Marvel to Fawcett Publications.[36]
DC Comics revival: Shazam! (1972–1978)
edit| Shazam! | |
|---|---|
 Cover of Shazam! #1 (Feb. 1973), the first key appearance of Captain Marvel in a DC publication, and his first in 20 years following the cancellation of the Fawcett Comics line. Art by C. C. Beck with Nick Cardy and Murphy Anderson | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | DC Comics |
| Schedule | List
|
| Format | List
|
| Genre | List
|
| Publication date | List
|
| No. of issues | List
|
| Main character(s) | List
|
| Creative team | |
| Created by | Bill Parker C.C. Beck |
| Written by | List
|
| Penciller(s) | List
|
| Inker(s) | List
|
| Colorist(s) | List
|
When superhero comics became popular again in the mid-1960s in what is now called the "Silver Age of Comic Books", Fawcett was unable to revive Captain Marvel, having agreed to never publish the character again as part of their 1953 settlement. Looking for new properties to introduce to the DC Comics line, at the urging of Jack Kirby who recently defected from Marvel Comics,[37] DC publisher Carmine Infantino decided to bring the Captain Marvel property back into print. On June 16, 1972, DC entered into an agreement with Fawcett to license the Captain Marvel and Marvel Family characters.[28][38] Because Marvel Comics had by this time established Captain Marvel as a comic book trademark for their own character, created and first published in 1967, DC published their book under the name Shazam!.[5] Infantino attempted to give the Shazam! book the subtitle The Original Captain Marvel, but a cease and desist letter from Marvel Comics forced them to change the subtitle to The World's Mightiest Mortal, starting with Shazam! #15 (December 1974).[38] As all subsequent toys and other merchandise featuring the character have also been required to use the "Shazam!" label with little to no mention of the name "Captain Marvel", the title became so linked to Captain Marvel that many people took to identifying the character as "Shazam" instead of "Captain Marvel".[7]
The Shazam! comic series began with Shazam! #1 (Feb. 1973). It contained both new stories and reprints from the 1940s and 1950s. Dennis O'Neil was the primary writer of the book.[39] His role was later taken over by writers Elliot S. Maggin and E. Nelson Bridwell. C. C. Beck drew stories for the first 10 issues of the book before quitting because of creative differences. Bob Oksner and Fawcett alumnus Kurt Schaffenberger were among the later artists of the title. As per DC's agreement with Fawcett, DC paid Fawcett—and after 1977, its successor CBS Publications—a licensing fee per issue, per page for each of the Fawcett characters who appeared, either in Shazam! or crossovers in other comic series.[40]
With DC's Multiverse concept in effect during this time, the revived Marvel Family and related characters lived within the DC Universe on the parallel world of "Earth-S".[38] The Fawcett material was still considered canon, with the Marvel Family's 20-year layoff explained in the comic as time spent in suspended animation due to Doctor Sivana.[38] While the series began with a great deal of fanfare, the book had a lackluster reception.[38] The creators themselves had misgivings. Beck said, "As an illustrator, I could, in the old days, make a good story better by bringing it to life with drawings. But I couldn't bring the new [Captain Marvel] stories to life no matter how hard I tried".[41]
Shazam! was heavily rewritten as of issue #34 (April 1978), and Bridwell provided more realistic stories, accompanied by similar art; the first issue was drawn by Alan Weiss and Joe Rubinstein, and thereafter by Don Newton, a longtime fan of the character,[42] and Schaffenberger. Nevertheless, the next issue was the last one, though the feature was kept alive in a back-up position in the Dollar Comics-formatted run of World's Finest Comics (from #253, October/November 1978, to #282, August 1982, skipping only #271, which featured a full-length origin of the Superman-Batman team story).[43][44] Schaffenberger left the feature after #259, and the inking credit subsequently varied. When World's Finest Comics reverted to the standard 36 pages, leftover Shazam! material saw publication in Adventure Comics (#491–492, September–October 1982). The remaining 11 issues of that run contained reprints, with Shazam! represented by mostly Fawcett-era stories (left out of Adventure Comics #500 and the final #503, where two features were doubled up to complete their respective story arcs).
Outside of their regular series and features, the Marvel Family characters also appeared as guest stars in the Justice League of America series, in particular issues #135–137 (vol. 1) for the "Crisis on Earth-S" story arc in 1976.[45] Limited Collectors' Edition #C-58 (April 1978) featured a "Superman vs. Shazam!" story by writer Gerry Conway and artists Rich Buckler and Dick Giordano.[46][47]
Captain Marvel, and often the Marvel Family, also co-starred with Superman in several issues of DC Comics Presents written by Roy Thomas.[48] Roy Thomas, a veteran comic book writer and editor, had been lured from Marvel Comics to DC in 1981 with the specific contractual obligation that he would become the main writer of Shazam! and the Justice Society of America characters.[40][48] The Marvels also guest-starred in several issues of All-Star Squadron, a series centered on the Justice Society and the other Earth-2 characters written by Roy Thomas and his wife Dann. As All-Star Squadron was set during World War II, several events of the comic fell concurrent with and referenced the events of the original early-1940s Fawcett stories.[49] With their 1985 Crisis on Infinite Earths miniseries, DC fully integrated the characters into the DC Universe.
Captain Marvel in the late 1980s
editThe first Post-Crisis[broken anchor] appearance of Captain Marvel was in the 1986 Legends miniseries. In 1987, Captain Marvel appeared as a member of the Justice League in Keith Giffen's and J. M. DeMatteis' relaunch of that title. That same year (spinning off from Legends), he was given his own miniseries titled Shazam!: The New Beginning. With this four-issue miniseries, writers Roy and Dann Thomas and artist Tom Mandrake attempted to re-launch the Captain Marvel mythos and bring the wizard Shazam, Dr. Sivana, Uncle Dudley, and Black Adam into the modern DC Universe with an altered origin story.
The most notable change that the Thomases, Giffen, and DeMatteis introduced into the Captain Marvel mythos was that the personality of young Billy Batson is retained when he transforms into the Captain. This change would remain for most future uses of the character as justification for his sunny, Golden-Age personality in the darker modern-day comic book world, instead of the traditional depiction used prior to 1986, which tended to treat Captain Marvel and Billy as two separate personalities.[50]
This revised version of Captain Marvel also appeared in one story arc featured in the short-lived anthology Action Comics Weekly #623–626 (October 25, 1988 – November 15, 1988), in which a Neo-Nazi version of Captain Marvel was introduced.[40] At the end of the arc, it was announced that this would lead to a new Shazam! ongoing series.[40] Though New Beginning had sold well and multiple artists were assigned to and worked on the book, it never saw publication owing to editorial disputes between DC Comics and Roy Thomas.[48] As a result, Thomas's intended revival of the Marvel Family with a new punk-styled Mary Bromfield/Mary Marvel (a.k.a. "Spike") who was not Billy's sister, and an African-American take on Freddy Freeman/Captain Marvel Jr., did not see print.[40] Thomas departed DC in 1989, not long after his removal from the Shazam! project.[40]
Other attempts at reviving Shazam! were initiated over the next three years, including a reboot project by John Byrne, illustrator of Legends and writer/artist on the Superman reboot miniseries The Man of Steel (1986).[51][52] None of these versions saw print, though Captain Marvel, the wizard Shazam, and Black Adam did appear in DC's War of the Gods miniseries in 1991. By this time, DC had ended the fee-per-use licensing agreement with CBS Publications and purchased the full rights to Captain Marvel and the other Fawcett Comics characters.[40]
The Power of Shazam! (1994; 1995–1999)
editIn 1991, Jerry Ordway was given the Shazam! assignment, which he pitched as a painted graphic novel that would lead into a series, rather than starting the series outright.[40] Ordway both wrote and illustrated the graphic novel, titled The Power of Shazam!, which was released in 1994. Power of Shazam! retconned Captain Marvel again and gave him a revised origin, rendering Shazam! The New Beginning and the Action Comics Weekly story apocryphal while Marvel's appearances in Legends and Justice League still counted as part of the continuity.[53]
Ordway's story more closely followed Captain Marvel's Fawcett origins, with only slight additions and changes. The graphic novel was a critically acclaimed success, leading to a Power of Shazam! ongoing series which ran from 1995 to 1999.[54] That series reintroduced the Marvel Family and many of their allies and enemies into the modern-day DC Universe.
Kingdom Come and Shazam! Power of Hope
editCaptain Marvel also appeared in Mark Waid and Alex Ross's critically acclaimed 1996 alternate universe Elseworlds miniseries Kingdom Come. Set 20 years in the future, Kingdom Come features a brainwashed Captain Marvel playing a major role in the story as a mind-controlled pawn of an elderly Lex Luthor. In 2000, Captain Marvel starred in an oversized special graphic novel, Shazam! Power of Hope, written by Paul Dini and painted by Alex Ross.[55]
Early to mid-2000s: JSA and 52
editSince the cancellation of the Power of Shazam! title in 1999, the Marvel Family has made appearances in a number of other DC comic books. Black Adam became a main character in Geoff Johns' and David S. Goyer's JSA series, which depicted the latest adventures of the world's first superhero team, the Justice Society of America, with Captain Marvel also briefly joining the team to keep an eye on his old nemesis. Captain Marvel also appeared in Frank Miller's graphic novel Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again, the sequel to Miller's highly acclaimed graphic novel The Dark Knight Returns, which culminated in his death. The Superman/Shazam: First Thunder miniseries, written by Judd Winick with art by Josh Middleton, and published between September 2005 and March 2006, depicted the first post-Crisis meeting between Superman and Captain Marvel.
The Marvel Family played an integral part in DC's 2005/2006 Infinite Crisis crossover, which began DC's efforts to retool the Shazam! franchise. In the Day of Vengeance miniseries, which preceded the Infinite Crisis event, the wizard Shazam is killed by the Spectre, and Captain Marvel assumes the wizard's place in the Rock of Eternity. The Marvel Family made a handful of guest appearances in the year-long weekly maxi-series 52, which featured Black Adam as one of its main characters. 52 introduced Adam's "Black Marvel Family," which included Adam's wife Isis, her brother Osiris, and Sobek. The series chronicled Adam's attempts to reform after falling in love with Isis, only to launch the DC universe into World War III after she and Osiris are killed. The Marvel Family appeared frequently in the 12-issue bimonthly painted Justice maxi-series by Alex Ross, Jim Krueger, and Doug Braithwaite, published from 2005 to 2007.
The Trials of Shazam! (2006–2008)
editThe Trials of Shazam!, a 12-issue maxiseries written by Judd Winick and illustrated by Howard Porter for the first eight issues, and by Mauro Cascioli for the remaining four, was published from 2006 to 2008. The series redefined the Shazam! property with a stronger focus on magic and mysticism. Trials of Shazam! featured Captain Marvel, now with a white costume and long white hair, taking over the role of the wizard Shazam under the name Marvel, while the former Captain Marvel Jr., Freddy Freeman, attempts to prove himself worthy to become Marvel's champion under the name Shazam.
In the pages of the 2007–2008 Countdown to Final Crisis limited series, Black Adam gives the powerless Mary Batson his powers, turning her into a more aggressive super-powered figure, less upstanding than the old Mary Marvel. By the end of the series, as well as in DC's 2008–2009 Final Crisis limited series, the now black-costumed Mary Marvel, possessed by the evil New God DeSaad, becomes a villainess, joining forces with Superman villain Darkseid and fighting both Supergirl and Freddy Freeman/Shazam.
A three-issue arc in Justice Society of America (vol. 3) undid many of the Trials of Shazam! changes. Issues #23-25 of Justice Society featured Black Adam and a resurrected Isis defeating Marvel and taking over the Rock of Eternity. Adam and Isis recruit the now-evil Mary Marvel to help them in the ensuing fight against a now-powerless Billy Batson and the Justice Society.
Billy and Mary Batson made a brief appearance during DC's 2009–2010 Blackest Night saga in a one-shot special, The Power of Shazam! #48.[56] In 2011, DC published a one-shot Shazam! story written by Eric Wallace, in which the still-powerless Billy and Mary help Freddy/Shazam in a battle with the demoness Blaze. Freddy would eventually have his powers stolen by Osiris in Titans (vol. 2) #32 the same year.[57]
The New 52 relaunch
edit
In 2011, DC Comics relaunched their entire comic book lineup, creating The New 52 lineup of comics. The revamp began with a seven-issue miniseries, Flashpoint, which features an alternate timeline in which Billy Batson, Mary Batson, and Freddy Freeman are joined by three new kids, Eugene Choi, Pedro Peña, and Darla Dudley, as the "S! H! A! Z! A! M! Family." In this concept, all six kids say "Shazam!" in unison to become an alternate version of Captain Marvel named Captain Thunder.[58] While the continuity would be altered again by the conclusion of the story, creating the "New 52" multiverse, the three new Shazam! kids would be reintroduced for later appearances.[59]
One of these relaunched series, Justice League (vol. 2), began featuring a Shazam! backup story with issue #7 in March 2012.[60] The feature, written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Gary Frank, introduces Billy Batson and his supporting cast into the new DC Universe. As part of the redesign, Captain Marvel received a new costume designed by Frank with a long cloak and hood, and a metallic belt instead of a sash. His lightning bolt appears as an opening into his body with magical energy visibly inside of him.[61] Johns noted that the character's place in the world will be "far more rooted in fantasy and magic than it ever was before".[62] The character also was officially renamed "Shazam" at this time.[7] The Shazam! origin story, which included two full issues in Justice League (vol. 2) #0 (2012) and 21 (2013), reintroduced Billy Batson/Shazam, the Wizard, Black Adam, Tawny the tiger, and the Shazam Family (Freddy, Mary, Darla, Eugene, and Pedro) to continuity. The Shazam! feature concluded with Justice League (vol. 2) #21, preceding DC's crossover storyline "Trinity War" which heavily features the Shazam mythos.
Johns and Frank's reboot was met with both acclaim and criticism,[63][64] and the renaming of the hero as Shazam brought mixed reactions.[65][66] Johns noted that the change was made "because that's what everyone thinks his name is anyway," owing to the inability to use the "Captain Marvel" moniker on comic book covers and merchandise.[7] In updating Shazam!, Johns and Frank skirted some controversy among long-time fans by introducing Billy Batson as a cynical foster child who comes to appreciate his potential as a hero and the concept of family, rather than starting him from that point as with earlier retellings.[67][68]
Following his appearances in the "Trinity War" and "Forever Evil" crossover storylines, Shazam appeared as a member of the Justice League from Justice League (vol. 2) #30–50[69] from 2014 through 2016, and also in a one-shot spinoff titled Justice League: The Darkseid War - Shazam (cover-dated January 2016).[70] He also appeared as a supporting character in the Cyborg series as the friend of Victor Stone/Cyborg. New takes on the classic Fawcett versions of Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family appeared in Grant Morrison's 2014 miniseries The Multiversity (which takes place on the parallel world of Earth-5)[71] and in a 2015 spin-off to the Convergence crossover event, Convergence: Shazam! (which takes place on the parallel world of Earth-S).[72]
DC Rebirth and beyond
editFollowing DC's 2016 DC Rebirth soft-relaunch event, the Shazam! characters were largely absent from new DC continuity, though Mary Marvel of Earth-5 appeared in Superman (vol. 4) #14–16 (2016),[73] and Black Adam appeared in Dark Nights: Metal #4–5 (2017) to battle Wonder Woman.[74] In late 2018, with the Shazam! movie in production at New Line Cinema, DC began publishing a new ongoing Shazam! series, written by Geoff Johns and illustrated by Dale Eaglesham, Marco Santucci, and Scott Kolins.[75] The series features an older and wiser Billy Batson and his foster siblings Mary, Freddy, Eugene, Pedro, and Darla exploring their powers as the Shazam Family. As the six kids venture beyond the nexus of the Rock of Eternity to explore the mysterious Seven Magic Realms, Doctor Sivana teams up with Mister Mind and a reluctant Black Adam to form the Monster Society of Evil, and Billy's long-missing father C.C. Batson returns to attempt to re-connect with his son.[76]
The first issue, featuring a manga backup story focused on Mary and her pet rabbit Hoppy by Johns and Shazam! fan Mayo "SEN" Naito, was published on December 5, 2018.[75][76][77] Thirteen issues from Johns, Eaglesham, and others - along with two guest issues, #12 and 15, from writer Jeff Loveness and artist Brandon Peterson - were published between 2018 and 2020.[78] Despite initial positive reviews, the third volume of Shazam! fell victim to several publishing delays.[79] The book was cancelled with issue #15 (November 2020); Johns cited the COVID-19 pandemic and Eaglesham's desire to take a break as reasons for discontinuing the book.[80]
In November 2022, it was announced that a new Shazam! ongoing would begin publication in May 2023, with Mark Waid writing and Dan Mora serving as artist.[81] During this series, Billy becomes known as "The Captain" and his foster siblings lose their powers.[82]
Fictional character biography
editFawcett/Early DC origin
edit.png)
Whiz Comics #2 (Feb. 1940) introduces William Joseph "Billy" Batson,[83] a homeless 12-year-old (later 14-year-old) newsboy[84] who sleeps in the subway station of his home city (originally New York City;[85] later referred to in DC publications as Fawcett City[86]). A mysterious man in a green cloak asks Billy to follow him into the subway station. A magic subway car painted in unusual shapes and colors escorts them to an underground throne room, which is inhabited by a very old man with a long beard and a white robe. As the man in green disappears, the old man on the throne explains to Billy that he is the wizard Shazam, and has used the powers of "the gods"—Solomon, Hercules, Atlas, Zeus, Achilles, and Mercury, hence the name "Shazam"—to fight evil for over 3,000 years. However, he has now grown too old to continue and is in need of a successor. The wizard explains that Billy was chosen because of his misfortune: he had been thrown out by a greedy uncle who stole his inheritance following the deaths of his parents (later retellings of the origin would also note that Billy was chosen for being "pure of heart").[87] Ordered by the wizard to speak the name "Shazam," Billy is struck by a sudden bolt of lightning and transformed into a superpowered adult in a red costume with gold trim.[88] The wizard Shazam declares the new hero "Captain Marvel" and orders him to carry on his work, as a stone block suspended above his throne falls upon him, killing him as prophesied.[87] The wizard would return—in later retellings of the origin story, immediately—as a spirit to serve as a mentor to Billy and Captain Marvel, summoned by lighting a torch on the wall of his lair.[87] As a spirit, the wizard Shazam lives at the Rock of Eternity, a bicone-shaped rock formation situated at the nexus of time and space.[89] Later retellings of the Captain Marvel origin place Shazam's underground lair within the Rock.[90] Saying the word "Shazam" allows Billy to summon the magic lightning and become Captain Marvel, while Captain Marvel can say the magic word himself to become Billy again.[88]
Captain Marvel's first battle was with the mad scientist Doctor Sivana, who becomes Captain Marvel's arch-enemy.[91] Billy Batson becomes a reporter and host for WHIZ Radio, his career allowing him to travel and investigate criminal activity.[92] An adult daughter of Sivana's, Beautia, becomes an unwitting love interest for the shy Captain Marvel, despite her wavering allegiance to her evil father.[93]
While the majority of Billy's adventures feature him as a solo hero, he also fought evil on a regular basis accompanied by several other kids who share his powers to make up a superhero team called the Marvel Family (later referred to as the Shazam Family owing to the issues DC Comics faced over the "Marvel" and "Captain Marvel" trademarks). The first members of the family, introduced in Whiz Comics #21 (Sept. 1941) and used sparingly afterwards, were the Lieutenant Marvels: three other boys from various parts of the United States who are also named "Billy Batson" and discover that, if they all say "Shazam!" in unison, they can become adult superheroes as well.
In Whiz Comics #25 (Dec. 1941), Captain Marvel saves Freddy Freeman, a boy who had been left for dead by the evil Captain Nazi, and does for Freddy what the wizard did for him. By speaking the name "Captain Marvel," Freddy can become the superpowered Captain Marvel Jr. Unlike Billy, Freddy retains his 14-year-old appearance as a superhero.[84] Captain Marvel Adventures #18 (Dec. 1942) introduced Billy and Freddy to Mary Bromfield, a rich girl who turns out to be Billy's long-lost twin sister. By saying the magic word "Shazam," Mary Bromfield becomes Mary Marvel.[94][95] In the Fawcett and pre-1986 DC stories, Mary remained a teenager as Freddy did in Marvel form; Ordway's 1990s Power of Shazam! series made her superpowered form an adult like Billy's.[96] The Marvel Family also included non-powered honorary members such as Uncle Marvel, an old con man who pretended to be Mary's uncle, and Freckles Marvel, an honorary cousin.
Later DC origins
editThe basic elements of Billy Batson's and Captain Marvel's origin story remained more or less intact through 2012, with minor alterations over the years. Roy & Dann Thomas's 1987 miniseries Shazam! The New Beginning had a 15-year-old Billy being forced to move in with Doctor Sivana, who in this version is the cruel uncle who throws Billy out into the street.[83] Jerry Ordway's 1994 Power of Shazam! graphic novel, which became the character's definite origin through 2011, featured a ten-year-old Billy being chosen as the Wizard Shazam's champion, because of the influence of his archaeologist parents; the mysterious stranger from magic subway car is the ghost of Billy's father in this version.[86] Both the Thomases' and Ordway's retellings of the origin directly tie the need for the Wizard Shazam to draft a younger replacement to the coming re-emergence of Black Adam, the wizard's first champion from the days of ancient Egypt who became evil and was due to escape thousands of years of banishment.[86][97]
Ordway's origin added the extra element of Black Adam's alter ego/descendant Theo Adam being the murderer of Billy's parents.[86] The subsequent Power of Shazam! ongoing series features Billy, now 14,[98] meeting his long-lost sister Mary and best friend Freddy Freeman[99] and establishing the Marvel Family as in the Fawcett comics.[100] The Marvels' home base of Fawcett City is depicted as a city full of old-fashioned traditions and architecture, later establishing that the Wizard Shazam placed a spell on the city (broken in later issues) that slowed time to a crawl in 1955.[101] This phenomenon was used to explain the Marvel Family's sometimes anachronistic approaches to life and heroism compared to many of their contemporary heroes in the DC Universe.[102]
In 2012, writer and then-DC Chief Creative Officer Geoff Johns revised Billy Batson's origin for DC's New 52 universe, also renaming the character's alter-ego as "Shazam" at this time. In his new origin story, Billy Batson is a moody and troubled 15-year-old foster child living in Philadelphia who has gone through several foster homes.[103] At his newest foster home under Victor and Rosa Vázquez, Billy gains five foster siblings: "den mother" Mary Bromfield, trickster and pick-pocket Freddy Freeman, shy and quiet Pedro Peña, brainy Eugene Choi, and energetic Darla Dudley.[104] When the evil Dr. Sivana unleashes the ancient magical warrior Black Adam from his tomb,[105] the Wizard of the Rock of Eternity—the last of a council of beings who once controlled magic—begins abducting candidates to assess them for the job of being his champion. He dismisses each of them for not being pure of heart.[106][107]
Eventually, the Wizard summons Billy, who is another unsuitable candidate, but Billy persuades the Wizard that perfectly good people "really don't exist," and that, while he himself tried to be good, the world dragged Billy down to its level. In desperation and seeing the "embers of good" within Billy, the dying Wizard passes on his powers and teaches Billy they can be accessed through the magic word "Shazam" when spoken with good intentions. After saying the magic word, Billy is struck by a bolt of lightning which transforms him into Shazam, a super-powered adult possessing super-strength, flight, and vast magical powers. The Wizard dies and Shazam is transported back to Earth, where Billy reveals his new secret to Freddy. The two scheme to make money and score beer with Shazam's new powers, but Shazam is instead led to crime scenes where he is needed as a hero. Shazam and Freddy have a falling out when Shazam refuses to change back into Billy, and as soon as Freddy heads back home, Shazam is attacked by Black Adam.[106] Billy is saved only by mending his relationships with Freddy, Mary, Eugene, Pedro, and Darla. When Adam again attacks, unleashing the Seven Deadly Sins on downtown Philadelphia and threatening to kill the other kids, Billy shares his powers with them, who all become magic-powered adult superheroes (except for Darla, who remains a child).[108] Ultimately, Billy goads Adam into saying the magic word and transforming into his human form, at which point he promptly turns to dust.[108] Although he had contemplated running away, Billy decides to stay with his new family, having learned to be a better and more open person.[108]
Commencing the "Trinity War" story line, Billy flies to Black Adam's home nation of Kahndaq to bury Adam's remains. Shazam's entry into the country is interpreted by the locals as illegal US entry into their territory. This leads to run-ins with both the independent Justice League and the US-sponsored Justice League of America (JLA), and a series of events that see the opening of Pandora's Box, a portal to Earth-3 which brings the evil Justice League analogues of the Crime Syndicate to Earth-0.[109][110] Following the successful defeat of the Crime Syndicate, Shazam is inducted into the League.[111] While still a newcomer to the league, Billy has a number of new adventures while under the mentorship of Cyborg, who becomes one of his best friends.[112]
After a year of living in the Vázquez home, Billy and his foster siblings have taken to having fun fighting crime around Philadelphia as the Shazam Family. While exploring the Rock of Eternity, Eugene finds a formerly sealed-off area of the Rock: an abandoned train station leading to the seven realms of an unexplored world known as the Magic Lands.[113]
Powers and abilities
editPowers of Shazam
editWhile normally having no special abilities in his human persona as Billy Batson, once he says the magic word "Shazam!", he transforms into a full-grown man in peak physical condition endowed with multiple superpowers that rank him amongst the most powerful entities in the DC Universe. Billy is also able to share a portion of his powers with others. Jerry Ordway's 1990s The Power of Shazam! series also gave Billy the added ability to alter Captain Marvel's appearance to his will by visualizing alterations and then saying "Shazam!".[114] Billy uses this ability to disguise himself as his "uncle" to work and cash checks,[115] and to turn his Captain Marvel costume into a spacesuit for a mission in space.[116]
Traditional combination
edit| S | Wisdom of Solomon | The Wisdom of Solomon grants the individual with several abilities, including perfect memory, strategic combat skills, exceptional mathematical aptitude, charisma in interpersonal interactions, limited clairvoyance for acquiring arcane knowledge and intuitive insights, as well as a natural fluency in all languages. Unlike some other powers, this is considered an active one a champion must channel to activate.[117] In some stories, this power also gives him the ability to hypnotize people.[118] Solomon was a biblical Jewish king who was reputed to have great wisdom. |
| H | Strength of Hercules | This bestows Billy an exceptional level of superhuman strength. He gains the ability to exert immense physical power, surpassing the capabilities of ordinary individuals. With this heightened strength, they can effortlessly lift and manipulate objects of tremendous weight, overpower adversaries with ease, and deliver devastating blows in combat.[117] His strength is often compared to that of Superman.[119] Golden Age Captain Marvel's strength is deemed limitless,[120][121] enabling him to move stars and planets with ease.[121][122][123][124] Hercules was a divine hero in Greco-Roman mythology. |
| A | Stamina of Atlas | The stamina attribute from Atlas enables Billy to maintain his empowered state for an extended period without any time limitations. Additionally, the empowerment provides Billy with substance, eliminating the need for eating, sleeping, and even breathing. As a result, Billy can operate at peak efficiency, unaffected by the physiological requirements that typically apply to ordinary individuals. This extraordinary stamina allows him to fully focus on his heroic duties without the distractions or limitations associated with physical sustenance.[117] Atlas was a titan in Greek mythlogy who was condemned to carry the heavens for eternity. |
| Z | Power of Zeus | Zeus's "power" attribute facilitates the transformation that grants Billy access to the full range of his powers, including the ability to shoot bursts of electricity and lightning. He also possesses a limited gift of teleportation, allowing him to effortlessly travel to and from the Rock of Eternity with a single thought. Notably, the Power of Zeus empowers him with the potential to use magic and cast spells. This power is considered the most difficult, requiring the most study, focus, and discipline and is considered to not be Billy's forte.[117] In Greek mythology, Zeus was a sky god who ruled as king of the gods. |
| A | Courage of Achilles | The Courage of Achilles grants Billy peak physical defenses, rendering him nearly invulnerable. This heightened level of invulnerability provides significant protection against physical harm. Additionally, the empowerment grants Billy resistance to various elements, including heat, force, disease, and the effects of aging. This attribute allow him to withstand extreme conditions and maintain his health and vitality against formidable challenges.[117] In some stories, it also grants him fighting prowess.[125] Achilles was a mythological hero of the Trojan war, who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. |
| M | Speed of Mercury | The Speed of Mercury grants Billy super speed, enhanced reflexes, motor skills, and flight, enabling him to move at incredible speeds, react swiftly, perform precise maneuvers, and soar through the air.[117] The pre-1985 stories also let him travel to the Rock of Eternity by flying faster than the speed of light.[126] Mercury was a Roman god of travelers. |
| Living Lightning | In the New 52 continuity, the character additionally possesses a range of magical abilities stemming from the Living Lightning, which is acquired through a connection to the Wizard Shazam, also known as Mamaragan. Now facilitating the Powers of Shazam, additional abilities include lightning control, amplification of spells, further enhancement of strength, and enhances healing capabilities, among others.[127] Billy can also cast spell derived from the Wizard and previous members of the Council of Eternity, which are documented in the Book of Champions. These spells enable him to achieve various effects, including the projection of magical energies and the ability to alter his size.[128] | |
Darkseid War combination
edit| S | Strength of S'ivaa | Derived from an Old God, the Strength of S'ivaa grants powers comparable to the previous Strength of Hercules although it's been claimed to be at a higher level.[129] |
| H | Fires of H’ronmeer | Derived from a Martian god, the Fires of H'ronmeer grants pyrokientic abilities connected to a force known as the "Living Fire", a counterpart to the Living Lightning.[129] |
| A | Compassion of Anapel | Derived from the Koryak goddess, the Compassion of Anapel seemingly grants powers similar to the Wisdom of Solomon.[129] |
| Z | Power of Zonuz | Derived from the Old God Yuga Khan (whose true name is Zonuz, father of the villain Darkseid), the Power of Zonuz grants the power to draw energy from the Source, the energy field within all forms of life.[129] |
| A | Boldness of Ate | Derived from the Greek goddess of mischief among others, the Boldness of Ate's abilities remain unknown. |
| M | Living Lightning of Mamaragan | The Living Lightning of Mamaragan bestows upon the character the same powers as those seen in the traditional combination while retroactively replacing the abilities typically associated with the Power of Zeus. This power also strengthens the link between Billy and the Wizard.[129] |
Powers of the Wizard
editAt several points in time, Billy possessed the sorcerous abilities held by the Wizard Shazam, granting him formidable mystical powers. As Marvel in the aftermath of Day of Vengeance, he had the capacity to manipulate and command magical energies, and possessed a deep understanding of the supernatural, particularly during a period of shifting magical rules. However, due to the immense accumulation of magic within the Rock of Eternity, he was required to remain within its confines to maintain control over the abundance of magic. Billy could only venture outside the Rock of Eternity for a maximum of 24 hours at a time.[130]
In the Lazarus Planet storyline, Billy becomes tethered to the Rock of Eternity once more, gaining access to its vast magical energies and spells. This connection enables him to manipulate various magical powers, similar to those possessed by the Wizard Shazam. However, as a consequence, Billy is forcibly bound to the Rock of Eternity for a period of time. Later on, Billy takes a step further by binding the Rock of Eternity to himself, allowing him to control both his former powers and the magic within the Rock through his empowered form.[131] Thus far, he has only been shown to generate duplicates of his empowered form, each possessing his abilities and has capability to summon Mamaragan, the ancient being associated with his powers, at his own volition.[131][132]
Weaknesses
editCaptain Marvel is not completely invulnerable. In several stories, he is shown to be susceptible to high-powered magic,[133] which can weaken or de-power him,[133] and, in some older stories, to significantly high voltages of lightning or electricity, which would make him revert to Billy Batson form.[134] Despite possessing the courage of Achilles, the Fawcett Captain Marvel was extremely bashful and shy around attractive women, a weakness some villains came to exploit.[135][136] Most depictions following the Crisis on Infinite Earths also show his childlike innocence and immaturity to be a significant weakness.[83]
In classic stories, simply saying the word "Shazam!" transformed Billy into Captain Marvel and back again;[137] this extended to accidental utterances, recorded playbacks, and so forth.[138] When Captain Marvel shared his powers with his Marvel Family teammates in 1990s and 2000s DC publications (from The Power of Shazam! in 1995 through 2011's Flashpoint), the Shazam power was depicted as a finite source which would be divided into halves, thirds, or further depending upon how many Marvels were super-powered at one time, and weakening them accordingly.[139] The 2011 reboot changed the rules so that Captain Marvel could speak the magic word "Shazam" without causing a transformation.[106] This lasted until the 2023 comic event Lazarus Planet, when the rule once again became that speaking the word in any fashion would trigger the lightning.[140]
Other versions
editA significant number of "alternate" depictions of Shazam/Captain Marvel have appeared in DC publications since the 1970s.
Alternate versions of Billy Batson
editCaptain Thunder (1974)
editIn "Make Way for Captain Thunder" from Superman #276 (June 1974), Superman found himself at odds with "Captain Thunder", a superhero displaced from another Earth and another time.[141] Thunder had been magically tricked by his archenemies in the Monster League of Evil into committing evil himself, which led to his doing battle with Superman. Captain Thunder, whose name was derived from Captain Marvel's original moniker, was a thinly veiled pastiche of Marvel—down to his similar costume, his young alter ego named "Willie Fawcett" (a reference to Fawcett Comics), and a magic word ("Thunder!"), which was an acronym for seven entities and their respective powers. He got his power from rubbing a magic belt buckle with a thunder symbol on it and saying "Thunder". His powers came from Tornado (power), Hare (speed), Uncas (bravery), Nature (wisdom), Diamond (toughness), Eagle (flight), and Ram (tenacity). Superman held him while he used his wisdom to escape the effects of the spell.
"Make Way for Captain Thunder" was written by Elliot S! Maggin and illustrated by Curt Swan and Bob Oskner. At the time of its publication, DC had been printing Shazam! comics for 18 months, but had kept that universe separate from those of its other publications. The real Captain Marvel would finally meet Superman in Justice League of America #137, two years later (although he met Lex Luthor in Shazam! #15, November/December 1974).
Captain Thunder (1982)
editIn 1983, a proposal for an updated Captain Marvel was submitted to DC by Roy Thomas, Don Newton, and Jerry Ordway.[40] This version of the character, to be an inhabitant of DC's main Earth-One universe, rather than the Fawcett-based Earth-S universe, would have featured an African-American version of Billy Batson named "Willie Fawcett" (as in the 1974 story), who spoke the magic word "Shazam!" to become Captain Thunder, Earth-One's Mightiest Mortal.[40] This alternate version of the character was never used.
Superman: Distant Fires (1998)
editIn the dark alternate future of the Elseworlds comic Superman: Distant Fires (1998) by Howard Chaykin, Gil Kane, Kevin Nowlan, and Matt Hollingsworth, most of humanity has been destroyed in nuclear war. An adult Billy Batson becomes obsessed with Wonder Woman when they become part of a small community of survivors of the holocaust, with most of the surviving superhumans having lost their powers or dealing with altered abilities. When the now-powerless Clark Kent joins their community, starting a relationship with Wonder Woman that includes them having a child together, Batson's resentment of Superman becomes insanity, as he provokes his transformation into Captain Marvel despite use of this power causing damage to Earth.
The Dark Knight Strikes Again (2001–2002)
editIn the dark alternate future shown in Frank Miller's 2001–2002 comic miniseries The Dark Knight Strikes Again, Captain Marvel is visibly aged, with receding white hair and glasses. Lex Luthor, who has captured Mary Marvel, coerces him into working for him by threatening to kill her. During an alien attack on Metropolis, Marvel is trapped underneath a collapsing building with no way out, and admits that Billy Batson—here, clearly defined as a separate person from Marvel, rather than simply transforming into him—died eight years ago of unspecified health problems. As a result, when he next speaks his word, he will cease to exist like any dream when there is nobody left to remember it. His last words to Wonder Woman are to give everyone his best, noting that it was nice existing, before he calls down his lightning and destroys himself.
Kingdom Come
editThe 1996 miniseries Kingdom Come, written by Mark Waid with painted art by Alex Ross, depicts a possible future of the DC characters. In this version, Billy Batson is an adult who now matches the appearance of his superhero identity. The human hostility towards superheroes has made him uneasy, and he has not transformed into Captain Marvel for several years. Batson has become the brainwashed servant of Lex Luthor, who uses Mister Mind's mind-controlling worm offspring to keep him in check and bend him to his will. Nevertheless, Batson's potential as a being powerful enough to rival Superman causes many others to react in fear and unease when he mingles with them, believing it is a non-costumed Captain Marvel that serves Luthor.[142]
Events finally cause him to transform into Captain Marvel, and he unleashes a force that could destroy the world. When the authorities try to stop it by dropping a nuclear bomb, Captain Marvel sacrifices himself to intercept it. The nuclear blast kills a large number of heroes, but cools the war-like attitudes of the survivors. Superman uses Marvel's cape as the symbol of a new world order in which humans and superhumans will now live in harmony.[143]
Earth-5
editIn 52 #52 (May 2, 2007), a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities, one of which is designated Earth-5. As a result of Marvel Family foe Mister Mind "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-S, including the Marvel Family characters.
The Earth-5 Captain Marvel and Billy Batson appeared, assisting Superman, in the Final Crisis: Superman Beyond miniseries.[144] The miniseries established that these versions of Captain Marvel and Billy are separate beings, and that Billy is a reporter for WHIZ Media rather than a radio broadcaster. The Earth-5 Captain Marvel reappeared in Final Crisis #7, along with an army of Supermen from across the Multiverse to prevent its destruction by Darkseid.[145] Following The New 52 Multiverse reboot, Earth-5 remains a Fawcett Comics–inspired setting, and is spotlighted in the comic book The Multiversity: Thunderworld #1 (Feb 2015), a modernized take on the classic Fawcett Captain Marvel stories from writer Grant Morrison and artist Cameron Stewart.[146][147]
Shazam!: The Monster Society of Evil (2007)
editA Captain Marvel miniseries, Shazam!: The Monster Society of Evil, written and illustrated by Jeff Smith, was published in four 48-page installments between February and July 2007. Smith's Shazam! miniseries, in the works since 2003, is a more traditional take on the character, which updates and reimagines Captain Marvel's origin.[148] Smith's story features a younger-looking Billy Batson and Captain Marvel as separate personalities, as they were in the pre-1985 stories, and features a prepubescent Mary Marvel as Captain Marvel's sidekick, instead of the traditional teen-aged or adult versions. Dr. Sivana is Attorney General of the United States, and Mister Mind looks more like a snake than a caterpillar.
Billy Batson and the Magic of Shazam! (2008–2010)
editAn all-ages Captain Marvel comic, Billy Batson and the Magic of Shazam!, debuted in July 2008 under DC's Johnny DC youth-oriented imprint, and was published monthly through December 2010. Following the lead and continuity of Smith's Monster Society of Evil miniseries, it was initially written and drawn by Mike Kunkel, creator of Herobear.[149] Art Baltazar and Franco Aureliani, of Tiny Titans, took over as writers with issue #5, with Byron Vaughns as main artist until issue #13, when Mike Norton assumed his place for the remainder of the series.[150] Kunkel's version returns to the modern concept of having Captain Marvel retain Billy's personality, and also introduces new versions of Black Adam (whose alter ego, Theo Adam, is a child like Billy Batson in this version), King Kull, the Arson Fiend, and Freddy Freeman/Captain Marvel Jr.
Injustice: Gods Among Us (2013–2016)
editIn the prequel comic to the 2013 video game Injustice: Gods Among Us, Shazam joins Superman's Regime in establishing a new approach to ending crime. Similar to the Golden Age version, this Shazam is suggested to have two personalities: Billy Batson is a separate person from Shazam. In Year One he, like the Flash, is somewhat skeptical of Superman's intentions, as his actions are often immoral. Ultimately, Shazam decides to stay and support the Regime, devoted to its cause. He becomes the object of Harley Quinn's affection, being bound and gagged by her in Year Four.[151] He is freed by Ares to join the Regime in combating the Amazon army and Greek gods, but just when they seem to be winning Zeus strips him of his powers, reverting him to Billy permanently.[152] He, Harley (for trying to help him), and Wonder Woman's mother Hippolyta are sent to the abyss of Tartarus as punishment, though they escape and Billy is left out of the conflict without his powers. Eventually, Zeus is forced to return Billy's power after the Highfather of New Genesis intervenes in the conflict. In Year Five, Shazam's relationship with Harley is complicated when she confronts him about being in the Regime despite their growing tyranny.[citation needed] (See the video games section for the continuation of his story in this universe.)
Future State (2021)
editA potential future incarnation of Billy Batson is introduced during the Future State event. This iteration of the character shares a similar background to their DC Rebirth counterpart, following a similar history until a point of divergence during their time as a student at the Teen Titans Academy in the Infinite Frontier era. In this version, the character demonstrates enhanced magical abilities, having acquired the sorcerous skills from tutelage under Raven. He also displayed the power to manipulate the powers other prominent mystics within the DC Universe such as Johnny and Jakeem Thunder.[153][154]
Billy is among the various heroes who assists the Titans in confronting Red X and the Four Horsemen of Apocalypse. Raven succeeds in absorbing the Horsemen but become corrupted under their influence. Shazam then uses his power to seal her in the Rock of Eternity at her behest to contain her power. Becoming known as the Unkindness, she uses her limited influence to create an alliance with Neron, who uses his power to split Shazam and Billy into independent beings. As Billy maintains his position, his innocence used to ward off demons on account the Rock of Eternity has been displaced within Hell, Shazam works to fight external threats.
Shazam assumes the role of leader within the Justice League of America, based in Detroit. However, in the absence of Billy's inherent influence, Shazam's morality becomes increasingly corrupted. He engages in secret killings of both super-villains and heroes who oppose his views, including the Question, who is the successor to Renee Montoya and Vic Sage, known as Drake. Shazam is also responsible for the deaths of Jakeem Thunder, Johnny Thunder, and the Creeper. Eventually, the identity of the Question is revealed to be Deadman, who has taken possession of Drake's body and acted as another successor to the Question in the JLA. The Spectre intervenes upon discovering Shazam's actions. Though aware of Shazam's past heroism, the Spectre is shocked to learn that his recent behavior is partly influenced by events in Hell, of which the Spectre had no prior knowledge. In a surprising turn of events, Shazam strikes and kills the Spectre using the remaining material from the Spear of Destiny. Deadman, as the Question, reveals himself to Shazam and temporarily uses the magic word to strip him of his powers. This entire sequence of events is later uncovered as a ploy orchestrated by Raven and Neron, with the goal of redirecting Shazam's powers back to the Rock of Eternity, which Raven absorbs. Empowered by her natural abilities, the Powers of Shazam, and the Four Horsemen of Apocalypse, Raven confidently escapes her confinement, believing that with the Spectre's demise, there will be no one to oppose her. Meanwhile, Billy mysteriously disappears, and his fate remains unknown.[153][154]
Shazam! Thundercrack
editOn May 27, 2021, it was announced that cartoonist Yehudi Mercado would write and draw a middle-grade graphic novel titled Shazam! Thundercrack, which will take place within the storyline of the 2019 Shazam! movie. It is set for both online and print release on June 7, 2022.[155]
Other versions of Captain Marvel/Shazam
editCaptain Thunder (Flashpoint)
editThe 2011 Flashpoint comics miniseries, written by Geoff Johns with art by Andy Kubert, featured an alternate timeline accidentally created by the Flash, who then helped the heroes of this timeline to restore history. One of those heroes is Captain Thunder—an alternative version of Captain Marvel who has six alter-egos, rather than one, and a scarred face as the result of a fight with Wonder Woman, who in this timeline is a villain.
The six children, collectively known as "S.H.A.Z.A.M.", each possess one of the six attributes of the power of Shazam, and must say the magic word together to become Captain Thunder. They are: Eugene Choi, who possesses the wisdom of Solomon; Pedro Peña, who possesses the strength of Hercules; Mary Batson, Freddy Freeman and Billy Batson, who possess the stamina of Atlas, the power of Zeus, and the courage of Achilles, respectively; and Darla Dudley who possesses the speed of Mercury. Pedro's pet tiger Tawny also transforms into a more powerful version of himself via the magic lightning.[156]
The six children later transform into Captain Thunder to help Flash and his allies stop the war between Aquaman's Atlantean army and Wonder Woman's Amazonian forces. Captain Thunder briefly fights Wonder Woman to a draw before being transformed back into the six children by Flash's accomplice Enchantress, who is revealed to be a traitor. Before the kids can re-form Captain Thunder, Billy is stabbed by the Amazon Penthesileia and killed.[157]
After the conclusion of the miniseries, the three new children from the Flashpoint timeline—Eugene, Pedro, and Darla—were incorporated into the DC Universe via the Shazam! backup strip in Justice League, appearing as Billy, Mary, and Freddy's foster siblings.[59]
Captain Marvel (Elseworld's Finest)
editIn the alternate universe Elseworlds one-shot comic Elseworld's Finest: Supergirl & Batgirl (1998) by Tom Simmons, Matt Haley and Barbara Kesel, the current Captain Marvel is depicted as a bald African-American man. A flashback to the older Justice Society features the traditional Caucasian Captain Marvel, leading to the conclusion that there were two Captain Marvels.
Captain Marvel (Robert Rodgers)
editA one-shot alternate take on Shazam! was published as part of the Just Imagine... comics line in 2001, which saw Marvel Comics legend Stan Lee reimagining various DC characters.
Lee reimagined the original Shazam! premise by having the hero be a mild mannered Interpol agent, Robert Rogers. Teamed with the beautiful, and much tougher, fellow agent, Carla Noral, the two of them are in India searching for the megalomaniac master criminal Gunga Kahn. Rogers is given the ability to transform into a large, winged being by saying the magic word "Shazam!" This version is co-created with Gary Frank, and is based on the Bill Parker–C. C. Beck character.
In a backup story plotted by Michael Uslan, scripted by Lee and Uslan, and drawn by Kano, an orphaned American boy in India at the same time as the adventures of Shazam heroically saves a village from starvation with the help of a local boy named Zubin Navotny. The boy's name is Billy Marvel, and he and Zubin are made honorary captains in the U.S. Peace Corps by an Ambassador named Batson, making the boy "Captain Marvel."
Captain Marvel (Sahar Shazeen)
editA female version of Captain Marvel is shown as a member of an alternate-future Justice League in Justice League: Generation Lost, a 2010 comics maxiseries written by Judd Winick and Keith Giffen. Little is revealed about her, other than the fact that her civilian name is Sahar Shazeen, and she is shown wielding a pair of swords during battle. She and her teammates are ultimately killed by an army of OMACs.[158]
Mazahs
editMazahs is a corrupted alternate-universe version of Shazam, introduced in the 2013–14 Forever Evil DC Comics crossover event series written by Geoff Johns. He is the super-powered alter-ego of Alexander Luthor of Earth-3.[159] In the story, the Crime Syndicate (evil Earth-3 analogues of the Justice League) have brought Alexander Luthor, their prisoner, with them to the Prime Earth where the Justice League and other heroes reside. Prime Earth's Lex Luthor and his team sneak in to the Justice League Watchtower where the Syndicate has Alexander hostage, and remove the duct tape over his mouth, allowing Alexander to speak the magic word "Mazahs!" and transform into his muscular, highly powerful alter-ego. While Prime Earth's Shazam is known for sharing his powers with others, Mazahs kills other superbeings and takes their powers for his own, as when he kills the Syndicate's speedster Johnny Quick.[160] It is implied that the power of Mazahs previously belonged to Earth-3's Will Batson, before he was killed by Alexander. In the final issue of the series, it is revealed that Earth-3's Wonder Woman analogue, Superwoman, is in a relationship with Alexander and tricked her teammates into bringing him with them. She also reveals she is carrying his child, who is prophesied to bring an end to the world. Exploiting his ability to use the powers of those he has killed, Mazahs easily takes down both the Syndicate and Luthor's team, but Prime Earth Lex Luthor (having the same voice as Mazahs) manages to call down the lightning, using a lightning-rod that Batman had retrieved to try and use against Johnny Quick based on his planned defense against the Flash, and transform Mazahs into his human form. Sealing Alexander's mouth, Lex stabs him with a knife, killing him.[161]
Superwoman later gives birth to Mazahs's child in Justice League #50, and uses the baby's power-stealing abilities, inherited from his father and activated when she says the magic word, to remove abilities the members the Prime-Earth Justice League had inherited from their time on Apokolips after the death of Darkseid. The story ends with the orphaned baby having absorbed both the Omega Effect from Lex Luthor as well as the Anti-Life Equation from Justice League associate Steve Trevor, transforming him into a resurrected—yet still infantile—Darkseid.[162]
Supporting cast
editIn the traditional Shazam! stories, Captain Marvel often fights evil as a member of a superhero team known as the Marvel Family, made up of himself and several other heroes empowered by the wizard Shazam. The main core of the Marvel Family were Captain Marvel's sister Mary Marvel, the alter-ego of Billy Batson's twin sister Mary Batson (adopted as Mary Bromfield), and Marvel's protégé, Captain Marvel Jr., who was the alter-ego of Billy and Mary's best friend, the disabled newsboy Freddy Freeman. Before DC's Crisis on Infinite Earths comic book miniseries in 1985, the Marvel Family also included part-time members such as Mary's non-powered friend "Uncle" Dudley (Uncle Marvel) and three other protégés (all of whose alter egos are named "Billy Batson") known as the Lieutenant Marvels. A pink rabbit version of Captain Marvel, Hoppy the Marvel Bunny, appeared in his own stories.[163]
Among the key supporting characters was Sterling Morris, president of Amalgamated Broadcasting, owners of Station WHIZ, the radio (and later TV) station for which Billy worked as a reporter. Billy also had his own love interest, Cissie Sommerly, who was also Sterling Morris' niece and had a recurring role in the comics. In the early Fawcett stories, Billy Batson and Captain Marvel had a sidekick named Steamboat, an African-American valet character who was removed from the comics by 1945 because of protests over racial stereotyping.[164] From 1947 forward, Billy/Marvel's sidekick was Mr. Tawky Tawny, an anthropomorphic talking tiger who works as a museum curator and seeks integration into human society.[165]
JSA member Captain Marvel briefly dates Courtney Whitmore aka Stargirl, and both her and Billy Batson are the same age,[166] although she was attracted to Billy in his older form in the first place, without knowing his secret identity, and even kissed him. To outsiders, however, Captain Marvel is by all appearances a fully grown-up adult, and the relationship between Marvel and Stargirl draws criticism from Jakeem Thunder and Jay Garrick (despite these opposing views and even inappropriate ageist and neo-puritanical comments from fans and readers in real life, however, even if Billy was actually older in his original form like in his "Shazam" one, the relationship between the two would have been legally possible). After Garrick confronts them, Marvel decides to leave the JSA and Courtney, instead of revealing his secret to the team. Marvel later returns to the JSA and explains that the Wisdom of Solomon prevents him from revealing his secret identity.
The current-continuity version of Shazam has a Shazam Family made up of his five foster siblings, with whom he shares his powers: Mary Bromfield, Freddy Freeman, Pedro Peña, Eugene Choi, and Darla Dudley.[108] The latter three children were introduced in the Flashpoint miniseries as three of the six children sharing the powers of "Captain Thunder", and introduced into regular DC continuity with Justice League (vol. 2) #8 in 2012. Tawny was initially depicted as a magically-charged zoo tiger in the Justice League backup stories. In the 2018–present ongoing Shazam! series, a more traditional version of Tawny is a resident of The Wildlands, a magical realm inhabited by anthropomorphic animals.
The Marvel Family's other non-powered allies have traditionally included Dr. Sivana's good-natured adult offspring, Beautia and Magnificus Sivana. The 1970s Shazam! series also included Sunny Sparkle, the "nicest boy in the world." Jerry Ordway's 1990s Power of Shazam! series also introduced Billy's school principal, Miss Wormwood, and Mary's adoptive parents, Nick and Nora Bromfield. The New 52 reboot of Shazam! introduced the Shazam kids' foster parents, Victor and Rosa Vázquez.[104]
Collected editions
editMany of the character's appearances have been collected into several volumes:
| Title | Year of release | Publisher | ISBN | Details | Writers and artists | Format |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Special Edition Series: Book 1 – Whiz Comics | 1974 | DynaPubs | This softcover volume features Golden Age adventures of Captain Marvel from Whiz Comics #7–28 in black and white. |
|
8 1⁄2 in. × 11 in., 208 pages | |
| Special Edition Series: Book 3 – Captain Marvel Jr. | 1975 | DynaPubs | This softcover volume reprints Captain Marvel Jr. stories from Master Comics #27–42 in black & white. Four covers are featured in full color on the back cover. |
|
8 1⁄2 in. × 11 in., 208 pages | |
| Shazam! From the Forties to the Seventies | 1977 | Harmony Books | ISBN 0-517-53127-5 | Hardcover collection reprinting 37 Captain Marvel, Captain Marvel Jr., Mary Marvel, and Marvel Family stories from the original Fawcett comics and DC's 1970s Shazam! series in black and white, with some color pages. |
|
352 pages |
| The Monster Society of Evil: Deluxe Limited Collector's Edition | 1989 | American Nostalgia Library | ISBN 0-948248-07-6 | Compiled and designed by Mike Higgs. Reprints the entire "Monster Society of Evil" story arc from Captain Marvel Adventures #22–46 (1943–1945). This oversized, slipcased hardcover book was limited to 3,000 numbered copies. |
|
|
| The Shazam! Archives Volume 1 | 1992 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-56389-053-4 | Hardcover volume collecting Fawcett Captain Marvel stories from Whiz Comics #2 - 15 |
|
120 pages |
| The Shazam! Archives Volume 2 | 1998 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-56389-521-8 | Hardcover volume collecting Fawcett Captain Marvel stories from Whiz Comics #16 - 20, plus Special Edition Comics #1 and Captain Marvel Adventures #1. |
|
232 pages |
| The Shazam! Archives Volume 3 | 2002 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-56389-832-2 | Hardcover volume collecting Fawcett Captain Marvel stories from Whiz Comics #21 - 24, Captain Marvel Adventures #2-3, and America's Greatest Comics #1 |
|
216 pages |
| Shazam! and the Shazam Family! Annual No. 1 | 2002 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-56389-832-2 | An 80-Page Giant-style, square-bound paperback collection reprinting several Golden Age Marvel Family adventures from Captain Marvel Adventures #18, Captain Marvel, Jr. #12, and The Marvel Family #1, 10; including the first appearances of Mary Marvel and Black Adam. |
|
216 pages |
| The Shazam! Archives Volume 4 | 2005 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-4012-0160-1 | Hardcover volume collecting Fawcett Captain Marvel stories from America's Greatest Comics #2, Captain Marvel Adventures #4-5; and the origins of Captain Marvel, Jr. and Captain Nazi from Master Comics #21-22 and Whiz Comics #25 |
|
216 pages |
| DC's Greatest Imaginary Stories, Vol. 1 | 2005 | DC Comics | ISBN 978-1401205348 | A showcase of alternate universe "imaginary stories" that depict a series of possible futures. Includes Captain Marvel Adventures #66, Batman #127, 151; Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #19, 51; Superman #149, 162; Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen #57, The Flash #128, and World's Finest Comics #173. |
|
192 pages |
| The Shazam! Family Archives | 2006 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-4012-0779-0 | This spin-off volume features the adventures of Captain Marvel Jr., from Master Comics #23–32 and Captain Marvel, Jr. #1, as well as the origin of Mary Marvel from Captain Marvel Adventures #18. |
|
228 pages |
| Showcase Presents: Shazam! | 2006 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-4012-1089-9 | A 500-page trade paperback featuring black-and-white reprints of stories from the 1970s Shazam! ongoing series, collecting only the new material that was published (and not the Golden Age reprints) in issues #1–33. |
|
500 pages |
| The Trials of Shazam!: The Complete Series | 2007, 2008; 2019 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-4012-9229-1 | Reprints The Trials of Shazam! #1–12 and a short story from DCU Brave New World #1. Originally released in two halves as Volume 1 (2007, ISBN 1-4012-1331-6) and Volume 2 (2008, ISBN 1-4012-1829-6); the single-volume version was released in 2019. |
|
312 pages |
| Shazam! The Greatest Stories Ever Told | 2008 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-4012-1674-9 | A compilation featuring Captain Marvel stories collected from the Fawcett publications Whiz Comics #2; Captain Marvel Adventures #1, 137, 148; The Marvel Family #21, 85; and the DC publications Shazam! #1, 14; DC Comics Presents Annual #3; Superman #276; L.E.G.I.O.N. '91 #31; The Power of Shazam! #33; and Adventures in the DC Universe. |
|
224 pages |
| DC Goes Ape | 2008 | DC Comics | ISBN 978-1401219352 | A compilation of various confrontations between superheroes and apes. Collects Superboy #76, Superman #138, The Flash #127 and (vol. 2) #151, Detective Comics #339 and 482, Hawkman #16, Wonder Woman #170, Strange Adventures #201, Shazam! #9, and Super Friends #30. |
|
168 pages |
| Justice League: The World's Greatest Superheroes | 2010, 2017, 2018 | DC Comics | ISBN 978-1401202552 | A compilation of picturesque graphic novels featuring DC heroes battling societal problems. Collects Superman: Peace on Earth, Batman: War on Crime, Shazam! Power of Hope, Wonder Woman: Spirit of Truth, JLA: Secret Origins, and JLA: Liberty and Justice. | 400 pages | |
| Superman vs. Shazam! | 2013, 2021 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-4012-3821-1 | A compilation featuring past team-ups and fights between The Man of Steel and the World's Mightiest Mortal in this collection also featuring Mr. Mxyzptlk, Mr. Mind, Captain Nazi, Black Adam, and more. Collects All-New Collector's Edition C-58; DC Comics Presents #33–34, 49; and DC Comics Presents Annual #3.
The 2021 edition includes all of the issues from the previous collection plus Kingdom Come #1 and 4, The Power of Shazam! #46, and Superman (vol. 2) #216. (ISBN 978-1779509093) |
|
192 pages |
| Shazam! Vol. 1 | 2013; 2019, 2020 | DC Comics | ISBN 978-1-4012-4244-2 | Compiles the revised New 52 origins of Billy Batson and Shazam from backup features originally printed in Justice League (vol. 2) #0, 7–11, 14–16, 18–21.
Re-released in 2019 as the Shazam! Origins trade paperback, with a photo cover from the New Line Cinema/Warner Bros. film Shazam! starring Zachary Levi (ISBN 978-1401-28789-4). A hardcover Deluxe Edition (ISBN 978-1779506849, 208 pgs) was published in 2020. |
|
192 pages |
| Shazam! A Celebration of 75 Years | 2015 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-4012-5538-8 | Expanded hardcover Shazam! anthology spanning the Fawcett and DC eras from 1939 to 2013, including essays on the history of the characters. Features stories from Fawcett publications such as Whiz Comics, Captain Marvel Adventures and The Marvel Family, as well as DC publications such as Shazam!, The Power of Shazam!, JSA, and more.[167] |
|
400 pages |
| Shazam! The World's Mightiest Mortal Volume 1 | 2019 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-4012-8839-1 | Hardcover volume featuring color reprints of the new stories of issues #1-18 of the 1970s Shazam! ongoing series. |
|
352 pages |
| Shazam! The World's Mightiest Mortal Volume 2 | 2020 | DC Comics | ISBN 1-4012-8839-1 | Hardcover volume featuring color reprints of the new stories of issues #19-35 of the 1970s Shazam! ongoing series; plus All-New Collector's Edition C-58 |
|
328 pages |
| The Power of Shazam! Book One: In The Beginning | 2020 | DC Comics | ISBN 978-1401299415 | Hardcover volume collecting the 1994 The Power of Shazam! graphic novel, issues #1-12 of the subsequent 1995 ongoing The Power of Shazam! series, plus a 1994 Shazam! story from Superman & Batman Magazine #4 |
|
408 pages |
| Shazam! and the Seven Magic Lands | 2020 | DC Comics | ISBN 978-1779504593 | Trade paperback collecting the main story from the 2018-2020 Shazam! series. Collects Shazam! (vol. 3) #1-11, 13-14. |
|
344 pages |
| Shazam: The World's Mightiest Mortal Volume 3 | 2021 | DC Comics | ISBN 978-1779509468 | Hardcover volume featuring reprints of the Captain Marvel stories from World's Finest Comics #253-270, 272-282 and Adventure Comics #491-492 |
|
336 pages |
| The Power of Shazam Book 2: The Worm Turns | 2023 | DC Comics | ISBN 978-1779504708 | Hardcover volume collecting The Power of Shazam! #13-23, Annual 1; Superman: The Man of Tomorrow #4, Showcase ‘96 #7, Superboy Plus #1, and Supergirl Plus #1 |
|
424 pages |
In other media
edit
Live-action films
edit- Captain Marvel appears in Adventures of Captain Marvel, portrayed by Tom Tyler, while Billy Batson is portrayed by Junior Coghlan.[168]
- Captain Marvel appears in The Good Humor Man, which stars Jack Carson as an ice cream vendor and member of a Captain Marvel fan club.[169][170]
- Shazam appears in films set in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), portrayed by Zachary Levi, while Billy Batson is portrayed by Asher Angel.[171][172]
Animated films
edit- Captain Marvel makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Justice League: The New Frontier.
- Captain Marvel appears in Superman/Batman: Public Enemies, voiced by Corey Burton,[173] while Billy Batson is voiced by an uncredited Rachael MacFarlane.
- Captain Super, an alternate universe version of Captain Marvel who is a member of the Crime Syndicate, appears in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths, voiced by Jim Meskimen.[174]
- Captain Marvel appears in Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam, voiced again by Jerry O'Connell, while Billy Batson is voiced by Zach Callison.[175][173][176]
- The Flashpoint timeline counterparts of the Shazam family appears in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox, with Billy Batson voiced by Jennifer Hale, Pedro Peña by Candi Milo, and Captain Thunder by Steve Blum.
- Shazam appears in films set in the DC Animated Movie Universe (DCAMU), voiced by Sean Astin, while Billy Batson is voiced again by Zach Callison.[173][176]
- The character is introduced in Justice League: War, where he becomes a founding member of the Justice League as they fight Darkseid.[177]
- Shazam appears in Justice League: Throne of Atlantis.[178]
- Shazam appears in Justice League Dark: Apokolips War. Here, he is revealed to have lost a leg during a battle on Apokolips, and replaced it with a magical one. He is later killed sacrificing himself to fend off a horde of Paradooms.
- Billy Batson appears in Lego DC Batman: Family Matters, voiced again by Zach Callison.[179][176]
- Shazam appears in Lego DC: Shazam!: Magic and Monsters, voiced again by Sean Astin, while Billy Batson is voiced again by Zach Callison.[180][173][176]
- Shazam appears in Injustice, voiced by Yuri Lowenthal.[181][173]
Television
edit
1970s–1990s
editCaptain Marvel first came to television in 1974. Filmation produced Shazam!, a live-action series, which ran from 1974 to 1976 on CBS.[182] From 1975 until the end of its run, it aired as one-half of The Shazam!/Isis Hour alongside The Secrets of Isis.[182][183]
Instead of directly following the lead of the comics, Shazam! took a more indirect approach to the character: Billy Batson/Captain Marvel, accompanied by an older man known simply as Mentor (Les Tremayne), traveled in a motor home across the U.S., interacting with people in different towns in which they stopped to save the citizens from some form of danger or to help them combat some form of evil.[184] With the wizard Shazam absent from this series, Billy received his powers and counsel directly from the six "immortal elders" represented in the "Shazam" name, who were depicted via animation: Solomon, Hercules, Atlas, Zeus, Achilles, and Mercury. Shazam! starred Michael Gray as Billy Batson, with both Jackson Bostwick (season 1) and John Davey (seasons 2 and 3) as Captain Marvel.[185] An adapted version of Isis, the heroine of The Secrets of Isis, was introduced into DC Comics in 2006 as Black Adam's wife.
Shortly after the Shazam! show ended its network run, Captain Marvel (played by Garrett Craig) appeared as a character in a pair of low-budget, live-action comedy specials, produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions under the name Legends of the Superheroes in 1979.[186] The specials also featured Howard Morris as Doctor Sivana, and Ruth Buzzi as Aunt Minerva, marking the first appearance of the characters in film or television. Although Captain Marvel did not appear in Hanna-Barbera's long-running concurrent Saturday morning cartoon series Super Friends (which featured many of the other DC superheroes), he did appear in some of the merchandise associated with the show.
Filmation revisited the character three years later in The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam!, which aired alongside Hero High.[187] Captain Marvel and Billy Batson were both voiced by Burr Middleton.[173][176] The rest of the Marvel Family joined Captain Marvel on his adventures in this series, which were more similar to his comic-book adventures than the 1970s TV show. Dr. Sivana, Mr. Mind, Black Adam, and other familiar Captain Marvel foes appeared as enemies.[187]
Captain Marvel or Billy Batson made brief "cameo" appearances in two 1990s TV series. An unnamed reporter resembling Billy appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Obsession", while live actors portraying Captain Marvel make "cameo" appearances in both a dream-sequence within an episode of The Drew Carey Show, and in the Beastie Boys' music video for "Alive".
2000s–present
edit
- Because of licensing issues and the development of the Shazam! feature film at New Line Cinema, Captain Marvel and characters related to him could not appear in the DC Animated Universe.[188] A planned appearance in Superman: The Animated Series went unproduced, as did a proposed Shazam! series for Cartoon Network pitched by Paul Dini and Alex Ross around the same time.[189][190]
- Captain Marvel appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Clash", voiced by Jerry O'Connell, while Billy Batson is voiced by Shane Haboucha.[173][176] This version is initially a member of the Justice League, before leaving after his conflicting opinions with Superman cause them to fight and destroy Lex Luthor's Lexor City. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that the clash between the two superheroes was part of a plot organized by Lex Luthor and Amanda Waller to discredit Superman.[191]
- Captain Marvel appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, with Captain Marvel voiced by Jeff Bennett and Billy Batson by Tara Strong.[192][176][193]
- Captain Marvel appears in Young Justice, voiced by Rob Lowe[194][173] and later by Chad Lowe, while Billy Batson is primarily voiced by Robert Ochoa, with Eric Lopez voicing him in the episode "Teg Ydaer!".[176] This version is a member of the Justice League who temporarily becomes the Team's supervisor following Red Tornado's disappearance.[195] At various times, he joins the Team on missions.[196]
- Captain Marvel appears in Mad.[197]
- Shazam appears in a self-titled series of DC Nation Shorts, voiced by David Kaye, while Billy Batson is voiced again by Tara Strong.[198]
- Shazam appears in Justice League Action, with Shazam and Billy Batson both voiced by Sean Astin.[173][176] The series premiere, "Shazam Slam", sees Billy recruited by the Wizard and becoming Shazam to help him stop Black Adam. Subsequently, he appears throughout the series as a member of the Justice League.[199][200]
- Shazam appears in Teen Titans Go!, voiced by John DiMaggio,[201][173] with Tara Strong once again voicing Billy Batson.[176]
- The DC Extended Universe version of Shazam makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Titans episode "Dude, Where's My Gar?".[202]
Video games
edit- Captain Marvel appears in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, voiced by Kevin Delaney.[173]
- Captain Marvel appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Shannon McCormick.[173]
- Captain Marvel appears as an assist character in Batman: The Brave and the Bold – The Videogame, voiced again by Jeff Bennett.
- Captain Marvel appears as a playable character in LEGO Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, voiced by Travis Willingham.
- Captain Marvel appears as a playable character in Infinite Crisis, voiced again by Jerry O'Connell.[203]
- Shazam appears as a playable character in Injustice: Gods Among Us, voiced by Joey Naber.[204] An alternate universe version also appears, who is a member of Superman's Regime before being killed by him for questioning his plans. His death prompts the Flash to defect to the Insurgency, giving the heroes the information they need to stop the Regime.
- Shazam appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.[205]
- Shazam appears as a playable character in LEGO Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Josh Keaton.[173]
- Shazam appears as a playable character in DC Unchained.
- Shazam appears in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by Brandon Routh, while Billy Batson is voiced by Zach Callison.[173] His Earth-3 counterpart Mazahs is also a playable character as well, voiced by Lex Lang. The DC Extended Universe version of the character appears in DLC, with Zachary Levi reprising the role.[173]
- Shazam appears in DC Battle Arena, voiced by P. M. Seymour.[173]
Radio
editIn about 1943, a radio serial of Captain Marvel was briefly broadcast (possibly by either Mutual or NBC) initially with Burt Boyar as Billy Batson. According to Boyar's faint memories in a 2011 interview, the show was initially produced in New York but after about a month relocated to Chicago; no further details about the show or transcripts of it survived. Existence of the show was confirmed by historian Jim Harmon via recollections of old-time radio fans who recalled hearing it during original broadcasts, plus locating period program listings.[206]
Comic strips
editIn 1943, C. C. Beck and writer Rod Reed prepared seven sample installments of a comic strip, but syndicates expressed no interest in it. Reed suspected that the DC lawsuit was the syndicates' reason, for fear of becoming parties in the ongoing litigation.[207]
Cultural impact and legacy
editCritical response
editThe character was ranked as the 55th-greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine.[208] IGN also ranked Shazam as the 50th-greatest comic book hero of all time, stating that the character will always be an enduring reminder of a simpler time.[209] UGO Networks ranked him as one of the top heroes of entertainment, saying, "At his best, Shazam has always been compared to Superman with a sense of crazy, goofy fun."[210]
Captain Marvel vs. Superman in fiction
edit.jpg)
Art by Andy Kubert
Captain Marvel's adventures have contributed a number of elements to both comic book culture and pop culture in general. The most notable contribution is the regular use of Superman and Captain Marvel as adversaries in Modern Age comic book stories. The two are often portrayed as equally matched and, while Marvel does not possess Superman's heat vision, X-ray vision or superhuman breath powers, the magic-based nature of his own powers are a weakness for Superman.
The National Comics/Fawcett Comics rivalry was parodied in "Superduperman",[211] a satirical comic book story by Harvey Kurtzman and Wally Wood in the fourth issue of Mad (April/May 1953). Superduperman, endowed with muscles on muscles, does battle with Captain Marbles, a Captain Marvel caricature. Marbles' magic word is "SHAZOOM", which stands for Strength, Health, Aptitude, Zeal, Ox (power of), Ox (power of another), and Money. In contrast to Captain Marvel's perceived innocence and goodness, Marbles is greedy and money-grubbing, and a master criminal. Superduperman defeats Marbles by tricking him into hitting himself.
While publishing its Shazam! revival in the 1970s, DC Comics published a story in Superman #276 (June 1974) featuring a battle between the Man of Steel and a thinly disguised version of Captain Marvel called Captain Thunder, a reference to the character's original name. He apparently battles against a Monster League, who cast a spell to make him evil, but Superman helps him break free.[212] Two years later, Justice League of America #135–137 presented a story arc which featured the heroes of Earth-1, Earth-2, and Earth-S teaming together against their enemies. It is in this story that Superman and Captain Marvel first meet, albeit briefly. King Kull has caused Superman to go mad using red kryptonite, compelling Marvel to battle him at first and subsequently restore Superman's mind with the help of lightning.
In Shazam! #30 (1977), Dr. Sivana creates several steel creatures to destroy Pittsburgh's steel mills, after getting the idea from reading an issue of Action Comics. He finally creates a Superman robot made of a super-steel to destroy Captain Marvel. They both hit each other at the same moment, and the robot is destroyed.
Notable later Superman/Captain Marvel battles in DC Comics include All-New Collectors' Edition #C-58 (1978), All-Star Squadron #36–37 (1984), and Superman vol. 2, #102 (1995). The Superman/Captain Marvel battle depicted in Kingdom Come #4 (1996) serves as the climax of that miniseries, with Marvel having been brainwashed by Lex Luthor and Mister Mind to turn against the other heroes. The "Clash" episode of Justice League Unlimited, which includes Captain Marvel as a guest character, features a Superman/Captain Marvel fight as its centerpiece, Lex Luthor manipulating events so that Captain Marvel will perceive Superman as being prejudiced against Luthor's criminal past and attacking him without provokation or evidence that Luthor has actually done anything wrong. By contrast, the depiction of the pair's first meeting in the Superman/Shazam!: First Thunder miniseries establishes them as firm friends and allies to the point of Superman volunteering to be Billy's mentor when he learns the boy's true age.[213]
In popular culture
editThe television character Gomer Pyle is known for uttering the catchphrase "Shazam!" on The Andy Griffith Show and Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C..[214]
Al McCoy, longtime radio and TV voice of the NBA's Phoenix Suns, would shout "Shazam!" every time the Suns made a three-point shot.[215]
In Spider-Man (2002), Peter Parker yells "Shazam!" while trying to get his powers working.[216]
In Dear Becky (2020), the Boys are depicted as kidnapping their universe's version of Billy Batson/Shazam and cutting out his tongue to prevent him from ever using his powers again.[217]
Accolades
editSee also
edit
Explanatory notes
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Whiz Comics #2". Grand Comics Database.
- ^ Tipton, Scott (April 1, 2003). "The World's Mightiest Mortal". Comics 101. Archived from the original on June 14, 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2005.
I've always felt that it was this origin story and concept that made Shazam instantly popular, to the point that it was outselling every comic on the stands for several years throughout the '40s.
- ^ a b c "Comic Book Success Stories". The Museum of Comic Book Advertising. Retrieved June 17, 2005.
By the middle of the decade, Captain Marvel had received a self-titled comic book, Captain Marvel's Adventures [sic], which had a circulation that reached 1.3 million copies per month. Shazam's circulation numbers exceeded National's Superman title and the rivalry between the companies led National to sue Fawcett for plagiarism.
- ^ a b "The World's Mightiest Mortal and Big Red Cheese". The Museum of Comic Book Advertising. Retrieved June 17, 2005.
In 1953, the case was finally settled out of court when Fawcett agreed to quit using the Captain Marvel character(s) and pay DC the sum of $400,000.
- ^ a b Smith, Zack (December 30, 2010). "An Oral History of Captain Marvel: The Lost Years, pt. 3". Newsarama. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
- ^ Bricken, Rob (September 4, 2013). "The Captain Marvel/Ms. Marvel/Shazam Clusterf*ck Explained". Retrieved December 5, 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Exclusive: Geoff Johns Hopes Lightning Strikes SHAZAM!". Newsarama.com. January 26, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2015.. While the main "Earth-0" version of the character was re-introduced as "Shazam!", Within DC Comics' "Multiverse", two alternate forms of the character continue to be known as "Captain Marvel" in the alternate worlds of Earth-5 and Earth-S.
- ^ Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; Wiacek, Stephen (2016). The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe (first American ed.). New York. p. 272. ISBN 9781465453570. OCLC 936192301.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Hembeck, Fred (June 18, 2003). "Johnny Thunder and Shazam!". The Hembeck Files. Retrieved June 22, 2005.
- ^ Heintjes, Tom (July 4, 2015). "An Interview with C. C. Beck | Hogan's Alley". Cartoonician.com. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
- ^ "Thrill Comics [ashcan] #1". Grand Comics Database.
- ^ "GCD :: Issue :: Captain Marvel Adventures #[1]". www.comics.org. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
- ^ Beck, C. C. (2001). Fawcett Companion: The Best of FCA (Fawcett Collectors of America). Raleigh, NC: TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-1-893905-10-8.
- ^ "Marvel Family Inspiration". MarvelFamily.com. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ "Captain Marvel "Earth's Mightiest Mortal"". JLA. Quirkybyte.com. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ "Shazam Fun Facts". Fun Facts. MarvelFamily.com. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ Hamerlinck, P.C., ed. (2001). Fawcett Companion: The Best of FCA (Fawcett Collectors of America). Raleigh, NC: TwoMorrows Publishing. ISBN 978-1-893905-10-8.
- ^ Lavinie, Michael L. (Summer 1998). "Comic Books and Graphic Novels for Libraries: What to Buy" (PDF). Serials Review. Vol. 2, no. 24. p. 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2005.
In 1944, the best-selling comic book title (Captain Marvel Adventures) sold more than fourteen million copies for the year.
- ^ a b c d e Sergi, Joe (2015). The Law for Comic Book Creators: Essential Concepts and Applications. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. pp. 44–53. ISBN 978-1-4766-1733-6.
- ^ a b Black, Louis (September 16, 2016). "Page Two: Otto Binder Had a Vision". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
- ^ Voger, Mark (2003). Hero gets girl! : the life and art of Kurt Schaffenberger, illustrator of Lois Lane and Captain Marvel. Raleigh, N.C.: TwoMorrows Pub. pp. 21–26, 122. ISBN 1893905292. OCLC 54539249.
- ^ Cereno, Benito (August 26, 2015). "Remembering Otto Binder, Comics' Forgotten Genius". ComicsAlliance. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
- ^ Hand, L. (Circuit Judge) (1951). "191 F.2d 863: National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc. et al United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit. – 191 F.2d 863 Argued May 4, 1951 Decided August 30, 1951". Justia US Law. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
- ^ a b Ingersoll, Bob (May 31, 1985). "The Law is a Ass (Installment #66)". Comics Buyer's Guide (602). Retrieved June 19, 2005. (Detailed summary of the cases and rulings related to National Comics Publications v. Fawcett Publishing.)
- ^ Wright, Bradford W. (2001). Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. p. 57. ISBN 0-8018-7450-5.
- ^ Wright, p. 156.
- ^ Gore, Matthew H. "The Origins of Marvelman". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
With avenues of appeal still open but their outcome obvious after the first court ruled for National Periodicals, Fawcett Publications settled out of court in late 1953. Fawcett agreed to cease publication of all Captain Marvel related titles. However, Fawcett's decision to give up the legal battle came when all of the company's superhero titles were reporting greatly diminished sales was no circumstance.
- ^ a b Eury, Michael (March 20, 2019). RetroFan #4. TwoMorrows Publishing.
- ^ Voger, Mark; Voglesong, Kathy (2003). "Front Page Romance". Hero Gets Girl!: The Life and Art Of Kurt Schaffenberger. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 43–45. ISBN 1-893905-29-2.
- ^ Voger p. 45: "'That was sort of an 'in' joke.' Kurt later told an interviewer. 'Mort [Weisinger] knew what I was doing. We both figured at that time that Captain Marvel was a thing of the past...He was colored differently – green instead of red, I think. But then when reprinted in a Lois Lane Annual [sic], they put the red union suit on him.'"
- ^ "NYCC: Marvel to Reprint Classic Alan Moore, Neil Gaiman 'Miracleman'". The Hollywood Reporter. November 17, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
- ^ "NYCC: Cup O' Joe Announces Miracleman's Return". Comic Book Resources. October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
- ^ .php?ID=7827 Captain Marvel (M.F.) at the Comic Book DB (archived from .php?ID=7827 the original) The book sold poorly, and M.F. only published four issues of Captain Marvel and two issues of Captain Marvel Presents the Terrible Five.
- ^ Tucker, Reed (2017). Slugfest : inside the epic fifty-year battle between Marvel and DC (first ed.). New York, NY: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306825477. OCLC 972386162.
- ^ Paragon's 1969 Captain Marvel "Revival", Alter Ego #150 (2018), TwoMorrows Publishing
- ^ "The Rocket's Blast Special 8 (all pages scanned)". Reddit. November 28, 2022.
- ^ Ross, Alex (June 20, 2019). "Why Shazam! Used to be Marvel | The History of Captain Marvel Explained by Alex Ross". YouTube. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Smith, Zack (December 31, 2010). "An Oral History of Captain Marvel: The Shazam Years Pt. 1". Newsarama. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
- ^ McAvennie, Michael (2010). "1970s". In Dolan, Hannah (ed.). DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9.
In 1972, DC acquired the rights to Captain Marvel and in 1973 they launched the series Shazam!, which re-established the Captain Marvel mythos...Responsible for resurrecting the lightning-charged champion, writer Denny O'Neil and original artist C. C. Beck together explained Cap's absence.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Thomas, Roy; Ordway, Jerry (July 2001). "Not Your Father's Captain Marvel! An Artist-by-Artist Account of a Doomed Quest for a 1980s Shazam! Series". Alter Ego. 3 (#9). Two Morrows Publishing: 9–17.
- ^ Benton, Mike (1989). The Comic Book in America: An Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor. p. 77. ISBN 0-87833-659-1.
- ^ Wilson, Bill G. (1969). "Interview with Don Newton". The Collector (17).
- ^ "Please Reprint These! Pt 2: Specific Story Wishlist". Newsarama. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
- ^ "GCD :: Issue :: World's Finest Comics #253". www.comics.org. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
- ^ "GCD :: Issue :: Justice League of America #135". www.comics.org. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
- ^ Hamerlinck, P.C. (December 2012). "When Worlds Collide: The Colossal-Sized Confrontation Between Superman and Captain Marvel". Back Issue! (#61). TwoMorrows Publishing: 65–68.
- ^ "GCD :: Issue :: All-New Collectors' Edition #C-58". Comics.org. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
- ^ a b c Thomas, Roy (2017). Shazam: A New Beginning 30th Anniversary Deluxe Edition [Introduction]. Burbank, CA: DC Comics, Inc. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1401283124.
- ^ Thomas, Roy (Spring 2001). "Hail, Hail, The Gang's All Here!". Alter Ego. Vol. 3, no. 8. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
- ^ Smith, Zack (September 5, 2017). "An Oral History of DC's Captain Marvel/Shazam: The New Beginning Years". Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
- ^ Sanderson, Peter (October 2005). "John Byrne's Shazam!". Back Issue! (12). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 57–59.
- ^ Smith, Zack (February 25, 2011). "An Oral History of Captain Marvel: Secret Shazam". Newsarama.com. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
- ^ Cereno, Benito. "The Evolution Of Shazam: Best Captain Marvel Stories By Decade". Comics Alliance. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
- ^ Manning, Matthew K. "1990s" in Dolan, p. 269: "Writer Jerry Ordway chronicled the further adventures of Billy Batson, the World's Mightiest Mortal, in the new ongoing effort The Power of Shazam!, alongside artists Mike Manley and Peter Krause".
- ^ "An Oral History of DC's Captain Marvel/Shazam: The Modern Years Part 1". Newsarama. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #48 (Jan. 2010)
- ^ Titans (vol. 2) #32 (Feb. 2011)
- ^ Sims, Chris (May 17, 2011). "'Flashpoint': Who's Who In The New DC Universe". Comics Alliance. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ a b "Review: "Shazam!"". Comics Authority. October 9, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
- ^ "Exclusive 1st Look: Johns & Frank CURSE OF SHAZAM Images". Newsarama. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
- ^ "Gary Frank (comics) (& Geoff Johns) Try to Lift 'The Curse of Shazam'!". Newsarama.com. October 17, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
- ^ Kaplan, Don (March 5, 2012). "Shazam electrifies again". New York Post. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
- ^ "Review: "Shazam!"". Comics Authority. October 9, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
- ^ "過去の受賞作品｜ガイマン賞". gaiman.jp. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
- ^ Bricken, Rob (September 4, 2013). "The Captain Marvel/Ms. Marvel/Shazam Clusterf*ck Explained". Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ Schleicher, Stephen (January 27, 2012). "DC Relaunch: Captain Marvel gets name change to Shazam! — Major Spoilers—Comic Book Reviews, News, Previews, and Podcasts". Major Spoilers. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
- ^ Hunsaker, Andy (December 12, 2017). "'Shazam!' Director Reveals One Way Billy Won't Be like His New 52 Counterpart". comicbook.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "Exclusive: Geoff Johns on Trinity War, Green Lantern, Shazam & More". Crave Online. May 6, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ Ching, Albert (January 17, 2014). "Geoff Johns Employs Lex Luthor to Disrupt "Justice League"". Retrieved January 5, 2018.
- ^ Tylwalk, Nick (November 10, 2015). "Steve Orlando Talks Redesigning Shazam's Pantheon For His Justice League: Darkseid War One-Shot". Archived from the original on January 14, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
- ^ Reese, Gregory (January 27, 2015). "The Return of the Big Red Cheese: "The Multiversity: Thunderworld Adventures #1"". Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "Covering Convergence: Shazam! Why Jeff Parker and Doc Shaner Love Classic Captain Marvel". May 10, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "Superman #14 Review". Comic Book Revolution. January 5, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
- ^ "Anti-Hero No More? [Spoiler] Returns in Dark Nights: Metal". CBR. December 22, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
- ^ a b "Johns' Shazam! Launches This November – With Dale Eaglesham". Newsarama. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
- ^ a b "DC Comics' Complete Solicitations for November 2018". CBR. August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
- ^ "Geoff Johns Describes His New Shazam Title". Newsarama. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
- ^ Arrant, Chris (June 12, 2020). "DC's Shazam title ending in September". Newsarama. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Johnston, Rich (August 28, 2019). "Late: DC Comics Cancels Orders For Shazam! #9, #10 and #11". bleedingcool.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Dialogos de Comic 53: Geoff Johns (con subs en español) (video interview). July 1, 2020.
- ^ ""Dawn of DC" Starts in January 2023". DC. November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ Waid, Mark (2023). Shazam #1. DC Comics.
- ^ a b c Shazam! The New Beginning #1 (1987)
- ^ a b Hamerlinck, P.C., ed. (2001). Fawcett Companion: The Best of FCA (Fawcett Collectors of America). Raleigh, NC: TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 28–29. ISBN 1-893905-10-1.
- ^ Shazam! #33 (1978)
- ^ a b c d Ordway, Jerry (1994). The Power of Shazam!. New York: DC Comics. ISBN 1-56389-153-0.
- ^ a b c Shazam! #1 (1973)
- ^ a b Whiz Comics #2 (1940)
- ^ The Marvel Family #7 (1946)
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #5 (1995)
- ^ Whiz Comics #3–4 (1940)
- ^ Whiz Comics #3a (1940)
- ^ Whiz Comics #3b-10 (1940) – note that there are two issues of Whiz Comics numbered #3, as per The Shazam! Archives Vol. 1, owing to a numbering error at Fawcett.
- ^ Captain Marvel Adventures #18 (1942)
- ^ Schelly, Bill (2016). Otto Binder: The Life and Work of a Comic Book and Science Fiction Visionary. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. pp. 89–91. ISBN 978-1623170387.
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #4 (1995)
- ^ Shazam! The New Beginning #1–2 (1987)
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #1 (March 1995)
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #3 (May 1995)
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #4–7 (1995)
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #11 (January 1996)
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #16 (June 1996), Formerly Known as the Justice League (2004)
- ^ Justice League (vol. 2) #7 (May 2012)
- ^ a b Justice League (vol. 2) #8 (April 2012)
- ^ Justice League (vol. 2) #9 (July 2012)
- ^ a b c Justice League (vol. 2) #0 (Nov. 2012)
- ^ Justice League (vol. 2) #2, 7 (May 2012)
- ^ a b c d Justice League (vol. 2) #21 (2013)
- ^ Justice League (vol. 2) #22–23 (2013)
- ^ Justice League of America (vol. 3) #6 (2013)
- ^ Justice League (vol. 2) #30 (2014)
- ^ Justice League (vol. 2) #31 (2014)
- ^ Shazam! #1 (2019)
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #6, 15 (1995)
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #6 (1995)
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #15 (1996)
- ^ a b c d e f Jaffe, Alex (October 5, 2021). "Shazam!: What's in a Name?". DC Comics. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
- ^ Whiz Comics #18 (1941)
- ^ Cimino, John (May 21, 2011). "Superman vs Captain Marvel – The Definitive Write Up on the Greatest Rivalry in Comics". Blog Adventures. Hero-Envy.com. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ Captain Marvel Adventures #139 (1952)
- ^ a b Captain Marvel Adventures #28 (1943)
- ^ Captain Marvel Adventures #95 (1943)
- ^ Captain Marvel Adventures #98 (1943)
- ^ Captain Marvel Adventures #138 (1952)
- ^ Captain Marvel Adventures #144 (1953)
- ^ The Marvel Family #7 (1947)
- ^ "DC Universe Infinite Encyclopedia: Shazam". June 15, 2021. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
- ^ Johns, Geoff (December 8, 2020). Shazam and The Seven Magic Lands. DC Comics. ISBN 978-1-77951-159-1.
- ^ a b c d e Manapul, Francis; Tomasi, Peter J. (April 26, 2016). Justice League: Darkseid War - Power of the Gods. DC. ISBN 978-1-4012-6947-0.
- ^ Winick, Judd (2019). The trials of Shazam! : the complete series. Howard Porter, Mauro Cascioli, Rob Leigh, Travis Lanham. Burbank, CA. ISBN 978-1-4012-9229-4. OCLC 1076504122.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Waid, Mark; Maines, Nicole; Pacat, C. S.; Johnson, Phillip Kennedy (August 8, 2023). Lazarus Planet. DC Comics. ISBN 978-1-77952-395-2.
- ^ Wilson, G. Willow (2023). Lazarus Planet - Revenge of the Gods. DC Comics. ISBN 978-1-77952-408-9.
- ^ a b Day of Vengeance #6 (2005)
- ^ The Marvel Family #10 (1947)
- ^ Lupoff, Richard A. (1992). The Shazam! Archives (forward). New York, N.Y.: DC Comics. ISBN 1563890534. OCLC 29914254.
- ^ Captain Marvel Adventures #150 (1953)
- ^ Whiz Comics #2 (Feb 1940)
- ^ Shazam! #4 (1973)
- ^ The Power of Shazam! #5, 7 (1995)
- ^ Shazam #1 (2023), DC Comics
- ^ Greenberger, Robert; Pasko, Martin (2010). The Essential Superman Encyclopedia. Del Rey. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-345-50108-0.
- ^ Kingdom Come #3 (1996). DC Comics.
- ^ Kingdom Come #4 (1996). DC Comics.
- ^ Final Crisis: Superman Beyond #1 (August 2008)
- ^ Final Crisis #7 (March 2009)
- ^ Rogers, Vaneta (July 28, 2014). "Grant Morrison on Multiversity: It's Going to 'F' People Up". Retrieved December 30, 2014.
- ^ Rogers, Vaneta (December 18, 2014). "Cameron Stewart Brings Back Captain Marvel For The Multiversity: Thunderworld". Retrieved December 30, 2014.
- ^ Warmoth, Brian (February 7, 2007). "The Strategem of Smith (cached)". Wizard. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.
- ^ Pumpelly, Danny (August 11, 2007). "WWC: DC New Worlds Order". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2007.
- ^ "Review: Billy Batson and the Magic of Shazam! #14". Comic Book Resources. April 5, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
- ^ "Injustice: Gods Among Us: Year Five Chapter 21 Review". Bam Smack Pow. May 13, 2016. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
- ^ "The Many Deaths of Injustice: Gods Among Us". Den of Geek. July 10, 2018. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
- ^ a b Sheridan, Tim (January 19, 2021). Future State: Shazam! (2021-2021) #1. DC Comics.
- ^ a b Sheridan, Tim (January 19, 2021). Future State: Shazam! (2021-2021) #1. DC Comics.
- ^ Liam, McGuire (May 27, 2021). "Zachary Levi's Shazam To Star in New 'Thundercrack' Graphic Novel". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021.
- ^ Flashpoint #1 (May 2011)
- ^ Flashpoint #4 (August 2011)
- ^ Justice League: Generation Lost #14. DC Comics.
- ^ Johns, Geoff (w), Finch, David (p), Friend, Richard (i), Oback, Sonia (col), Leigh, Rob (let). "Forever Evil Chapter Six: The Power of Mazahs!" Forever Evil, vol. 1, no. 6 (May 2014). DC Comics.
- ^ Forever Evil #6. DC Comics.
- ^ Forever Evil #7. DC Comics.
- ^ Justice League (vol. 2) #50. DC Comics.
- ^ "DC's Marvel Family Just Got Its Weirdest Member Back". CBR. December 7, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
- ^ "Comic Book Legends Revealed #467". CBR. April 18, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
- ^ Sims, Chris (September 12, 2013). "Otto Binder And C.C. Beck's Mr. Tawny Captain Marvel Newspaper Strip Spinoff That Never Was". ComicsAlliance. Archived from the original on September 17, 2013.
What you might not know is that in 1953, Binder and Beck tried out a newspaper comic strip starring Tawny as a solo act, completely without his superheroic pal.
- ^ JSA #48. In this issue, Stargirl meets a temporarily powerless Billy Batson, and each learns that the other is sixteen years old.
- ^ Features stories from Whiz Comics #2, 21; Captain Marvel Adventures #18, 38-29, 137, 148; Captain Marvel, Jr. #12; The Marvel Family #1; Hoppy the Marvel Bunny #6; Superman #276, Shazam! #1, 29; World's Finest #275; DC Comics Presents #49; L.E.G.I.O.N. #31; The Power of Shazam! #1-2, 33; Action Comics #768; JSA #48; Shazam! The Monster Society of Evil #2; and Justice League (vol. 2) #21.
- ^ Witney, William (March 24, 2005). In a Door, Into a Fight, Out a Door, Into a Chase: Moviemaking Remembered by the Guy at the Door. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-2258-0.
- ^ "Trying to Fly Without a Crimson Cape: The Beginning of the End". Glass House Presents. February 8, 2009. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
- ^ "Captain Marvel and the Good Humor Man". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
- ^
- Billington, Alex (February 28, 2008). "It's Official – New Line Cinema is Dead!". FirstShowing.net.
- McNary, Dave (August 19, 2014). "Dwayne Johnson Says He'll Play Role in Shazam". Variety. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
- Hood, Cooper (July 21, 2017). "Dwayne Johnson Won't Be in Shazam, Confirms Geoff Johns". Screenrant. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
- N'Duka, Amanda (October 27, 2017). "Zachary Levi To Star In DC's Shazam! For New Line". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
- N'Duka, Amanda (November 6, 2017). "DC's Shazam! Taps Andi Mack Star Asher Angel To Play Billy Batson". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
- N'Duka, Amanda (December 6, 2017). "It Actor Jack Dylan Grazer Joins Shazam". Deadline. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
- "Geoff Johns to Expand Creative Role Becoming a Full-Time Writer/Producer for Film, Television and More; Exclusive to DC and Warner Bros". Warner Bros. Entertainment. June 11, 2018. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- Bentley, Jean (March 6, 2019). "Surprise! Your Fav OC & Riverdale Alums Are In Shazam". www.refinery29.com. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
- Fuster, Jeremy (April 7, 2019). "Shazam! Surges to $53 Million Box Office Opening". TheWrap. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
- "Shazam! (2019)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
- ^
- D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 8, 2019). "Shazam! Scribe Henry Gayden To Pen Sequel". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
- Dominguez, Noah (September 1, 2021). "Shazam! Fury of the Gods Wraps Filming". CBR. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- Aquilina, Tyler (July 17, 2021). "Dwayne Johnson celebrates as Black Adam finally wraps filming: 'This has been one for the ages'". EW.com. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Captain Marvel / Shazam Voices (Captain Marvel / Shazam)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved April 3, 2024. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.
- ^ "Captain Super Voice - Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths (Movie)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved April 3, 2024. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.
- ^
- "DC Showcase Animated Shorts". Comics Continuum. July 10, 2010. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- Collura, Scott (July 25, 2010). "SDCC 10: DC Shorts Showcase". IGN. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- Harvey, James (October 29, 2010). "Main Cast, Crew Details for Superman/Shazam: The Return of Black Adam". Worlds Finest Online. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Billy Batson Voices (Captain Marvel / Shazam)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved April 3, 2024. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.
- ^ "Review: Justice League: War". Nerdist. February 5, 2014. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ "Justice League:Throne of Atlantis review". Lyles Movie Files. January 29, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ Dar, Taimur (May 8, 2019). "LEGO BATMAN: FAMILY MATTERS Blu-ray Release Details Announced". The Beat. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
- ^ OIler, Jacob (April 2, 2020). "Embrace your inner child with this first look at LEGO DC: Shazam-Magic & Monsters". SYFY Official Site. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
- ^ Couch, Aaron (July 21, 2021). "DC's 'Injustice' Sets Cast for Animated Movie (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
- ^ a b McNeil, Alex (1996). Total television : the comprehensive guide to programming from 1948 to the present (4th ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 748. ISBN 0140249168. OCLC 33898297.
- ^ McNeil, Alex (1996). Total television : the comprehensive guide to programming from 1948 to the present (4th ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 413. ISBN 0140249168. OCLC 33898297.
- ^ Fuller, Devin (April 5, 2019). "Shazam Is Back. Wait, Who Is He Again?". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
- ^ Shazam! at IMDb
- ^ "A History of Batman on TV". IGN. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
- ^ a b McNeil, Alex (1996). Total television : the comprehensive guide to programming from 1948 to the present (4th ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 450. ISBN 0140249168. OCLC 33898297.
- ^ "Captain Marvel". jl.toonzone.net. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2018.. Features quotes from interviews by Bruce Timm, Dwayne McDuffie, and others on using Captain Marvel in their series.
- ^ "The DC Animation Resource". The World's Finest.
- ^ Ross, Alex (2005). Mythology: the DC Comics art of Alex Ross. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0375714626. OCLC 62321583.
- ^ Sava, Oliver (May 12, 2014). "Justice League Unlimited: "Clash"". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ "Tara Strong on 'Batman', 'Chowder', 'Drawn Together' Movie". Voiceactors.wordpress.com. July 14, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
- ^ Abrams, Simon (April 9, 2011). "Batman: The Brave And The Bold: "The Malicious Mr. Mind!"". TV Club. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ "CCI: Shazam! Rob Lowe to Voice Captain Marvel in Young Justice". Comic Book Resources. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
- ^ Collura, Scott (October 7, 2011). "Young Justice: "Alpha Male" Review". IGN. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ Collura, Scott (March 5, 2012). "Young Justice: "Misplaced" Review". IGN. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ "DC Nation Animated Short "MAD Presents Shazamwich"". YouTube. March 15, 2012. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021.
- ^ Reyes, Free (September 3, 2014). "SHAZAM! 3 Short Films — Courage, Stamina, and Wisdom". GeekTyrant. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
- ^ Sava, Oliver (December 16, 2016). "Justice League Action does right by DC superheroes with a joyful premiere". TV Club. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ "December 15, 2016: New "Justice League Action" Clip – "Shazam Slam"". Superman Homepage. December 15, 2016.
- ^ Dar, Taimur (February 27, 2019). "Shazam Embraces His Inner Elvis on Teen Titans Go!". The Beat. ComicsBeat.com. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "Titans Cameo Proves DC Really Didn't Care About Shazam 2". Screen Rant.
- ^ "Shazam". Infinite Crisis. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ "Shazam character art found on the Injustice: Gods Among Us website, Ed Boon confirms DLC characters on Twitter". Eventhubs.com. February 5, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ Eisen, Andrew (October 4, 2013). "DC Characters and Objects - Scribblenauts Unmasked Guide". IGN. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
- ^ Hamerlinck, P.C. (June 2012) "The Boy Who Was Billy Batson: The Captain Marvel Radio Show Mystery". Alter Ego (TwoMorrows Publishing) (110): 75–79.
- ^ Beck, C. C. (2001). "The Captain Marvel Daily Newspaper Strip". In Hamerlinck, P.C. (ed.). The Fawcett Companion. TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 46–47.
- ^ "Wizard's Top 200 Characters". Wizard. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011. Note: External link consists of a forum site summing up the top 200 characters of Wizard Magazine since the real site that contains the list is broken.
- ^ "Captain Marvel is number 50". IGN. Archived from the original on October 24, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
- ^ "Best Heroes of All Time". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
- ^ Wright, p. 146.
- ^ Superman #276 (June 1974)
- ^ Cimino, John (August 2013). "Superman vs. Captain Marvel The Definitive Write-Up on the Greatest Rivalry in Comics". Back Issue! (66). TwoMorrows Publishing: 69–77.
- ^ Breunig, John (April 7, 2019). "Shazam's origins rooted in Greenwich". Greenwich Time. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
- ^ Scheessele, Keith M. (September 14, 2016). "Legendary Suns announcer Al McCoy explains where 'Shazam' originated". Bright Side of the Sun. Vox Media, LLC. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
- ^ "Sam Raimi's Spider-Man Had A Hilarious Shazam! Reference Back In 2002". Screen Rant. March 31, 2019.
- ^ King, Alexander (August 24, 2022). "The Boys: Dear Becky Explores Why Billy Butcher Had to Kill Becky a Second Time". Comic Book Resources.
- ^ Cronin, Brian (November 13, 2023). "Top DC Characters 20-16". CBR. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
Further reading
edit- Beck, C. C.; Parker, Bill; Schaffenberger, Kurt; et al. (2015). Wildman, Robin (ed.). Shazam!: A Celebration of 75 Years. New York: DC Comics. ISBN 978-1-4012-5538-1. OCLC 889523096.
- Carlinsky, Dan (January 7, 1973). "Return of the World's Mightiest Mortal". New York Sunday News pp. 10–11, 44. On DC's revival of Captain Marvel.
- Johns, Geoff; Frank, Gary (2013). Shazam! Vol. 1 (The New 52). New York: DC Comics. ISBN 978-1-4012-4699-0. OCLC 834422607.
- Kidd, Chip; Spear, Geoff (2010). Shazam!: The Golden Age of the World's Mightiest Mortal. New York: Abrams ComicArts. ISBN 978-0-8109-9596-3. OCLC 505419579.
- Ordway, Jerry (1994). The Power of Shazam!. New York: DC Comics. ISBN 1-56389-153-0. OCLC 30626559.
- Smith, Jeff (2009). Shazam! The Monster Society of Evil. New York: DC Comics. ISBN 978-1-4012-0974-2. OCLC 314839739.
- Thomas, Roy; Mandrake, Tom (2017). Shazam!: The New Beginning—30th Anniversary Deluxe Edition. New York: DC Comics. ISBN 978-1-4012-8312-4.
External links
edit- Captain Marvel at Don Markstein's Toonopedia Archived from the original on April 9, 2012.
- Captain Marvel on DC Database, a DC Comics wiki
- Captain Marvel on the DC Animated Universe Wiki, an external wiki
- Captain Marvel (1941), the Republic Pictures serial