Wikipedia

Cannabis in Uruguay

Cannabis is legal in Uruguay, and is one of the most widely used drugs in the nation.[1]

Graffiti in Montevideo

President José Mujica signed legislation to legalize recreational cannabis in December 2013, making Uruguay the first country in the modern era to legalize cannabis. In August 2014, Uruguay legalized growing up to six plants at home, as well as the formation of Cannabis Social Clubs, a state-controlled marijuana dispensary regime, and the creation of a Cannabis regulatory institute (Instituto de Regulación y Control del Cannabis or IRCCA).[2] In October 2014 the Government began registering growers' clubs, allowed in turn to grow a maximum of 99 cannabis plants annually; as of August 2015, there were 2,743 registered personal growers.[3][4][5] After a long delay in implementing the retail component of the law, in 2017 sixteen pharmacies were authorized to sell cannabis commercially.[6]

History

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Uruguay has never criminalized personal possession of drugs, and a 1974 law allowed judges to determine whether a given case of possession was personal or commercial. This law was later updated in 1998.[7][8]

Proposal for legalization

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In June 2012, the Uruguayan government, under President José Mujica, announced plans to legalise sales of cannabis in order to fight drug-related crimes and health issues. The government stated that they would ask global leaders to do the same.[9] Nobel prize winner Mario Vargas Llosa praised the decision as "courageous".[10]

The law intends to reduce the profit that drug trafficking creates for organized crime, as well as reducing the drug-related violence and the social problems associated with it.[11] Uruguay has one of the lowest murder rates in the region (though by some estimates, crime was slightly increasing in 2013).[12][13]

Mujica's plan would allow users to cultivate the plant for non-commercial uses and grant licenses to professional farmers for larger scale production. The plan includes a system of user registry, taxation, and quality control; all coordinated through the existing agency that monitors tobacco, alcohol, and pharmaceuticals.[14] He estimated that with 70,000 users, the country will have to produce more than 5,000 pounds each month.[15] He also stated: "Uruguay wants to make a 'contribution to humanity' by legalising marijuana but will backtrack if the 'experiment' goes awry".[16]

On 31 July 2013, the Chamber of Deputies passed the bill to legalize and regulate the production and sale of cannabis and sent it to the country's Senate.[17][18] The bill was approved by 50 affirmative votes (the minimum required) with all Deputies from the ruling Broad Front voting in favor and all the other Deputies voting against it.[19] The bill was passed by the Senate's Health Commission on 26 November and was expected to be voted by the full Senate since November 2013.[20] The new law was accepted in the Senate on 10 December 2013 by a 16–13 vote.[21] President Mujica signed the bill into law on 23 December 2013.[22]

Julio Calzada, Secretary-General of Uruguay's National Drug Council, explained in a December 2013 interview that the government will be responsible for regulating the production side of the process: "Companies can get a license to cultivate if they meet all the criteria. However, this won’t be a free market. The government will control the entire production and determine the price, quality, and maximum production volume."[23] People will be allowed to buy up to 40 g (1.4 oz) of cannabis from the Uruguayan government each month. Users have to be 18 or older and be registered in a national database to track their consumption. Cultivators are allowed to grow up to 6 crops at their homes each year and shall not surpass 480 g (17 oz).

In addition, registered Cannabis Social Clubs will be allowed to grow 99 plants annually for between 15 and 45 members. Buying cannabis will be prohibited to foreigners[24] and it will be illegal to move it across international borders.[25]

Implementation

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Postponement

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In July 2014 president José Mujica announced that the full implementation of the law would be postponed to 2015, as "there are practical difficulties". Authorities will grow all the cannabis that can be sold legally, and concentrations of THC shall be 15% or lower.[26] In August 2014, an opposition presidential candidate claimed that the new law was unworkable and would never be applied.[27]

In December 2014, President Tabaré Vázquez was elected, and stated that though he had concerns about the cannabis law, ultimately it would move forward. At that point, cultivation for personal use and in cannabis social clubs had already begun, but commercial sale had not, and would ultimately be delayed until late 2017. Vázquez, a former oncologist, promised a "strict and close evaluation" of legal cannabis, and declared "first of all, you shouldn’t consume drugs."[28]

Commercial distribution

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In 2017, the government authorized 16 pharmacies to become cannabis distributors, allowed to sell only to the nearly 5,000 cannabis consumers registered with the government. The product is standardized into two offerings, "Alfa 1" and "Beta 1", both with relatively low THC content. Registered consumers must be Uruguayan, 18 or older, and are limited to 40 grams per month, with their identity and registration confirmed at the point of sale with a fingerprint scanner.[6]

Public opinion

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According to polls in 2012–2013 by Equipos Mori, Cifra and Factum, 58-66% of Uruguayans opposed legalizing the sale of marijuana while 24-29% supported it.[29][30]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ World Drug Report 2011. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Cannabis stats are from Chapter 6.1.1.3. Consumption: Annual prevalence of Cannabis, p. 217. "Sources: Annual Reports Questionnaires, Academic Researches, Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents (CICAD), Government Reports, European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD), International Narcotics Control Strategy Reports (INCSR)."
  2. ^ Fijnaut, Cyrille J.C.F.; de Ruyver, Brice (24 July 2015). The Third Way: A Plea for a Balanced Cannabis Policy. BRILL. p. 58. ISBN 9789004293199.
  3. ^ "Uruguay cannabis growers' clubs: Registration begins". BBC News. 31 October 2014.
  4. ^ "Uruguay ya tiene registrados a 2.743 cultivadores de marihuana". infobae. Associated Press. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  5. ^ "Uruguay busca producir marihuana que pueda estar "bien identificada"". EFE. NoticiasSin. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  6. ^ a b Uruguay pharmacies start selling cannabis straight to consumers | World news | The Guardian
  7. ^ Beatriz Caiuby Labate; Clancy Cavnar (25 March 2014). Prohibition, Religious Freedom, and Human Rights: Regulating Traditional Drug Use. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 307–. ISBN 978-3-642-40957-8.
  8. ^ "Cannabis South American laws". Erowid.org. March 1995.
  9. ^ "Uruguay government aims to legalise marijuana". BBC. 21 June 2012.
  10. ^ "Vargas Llosa praises Uruguayan decision to legalize marihuana" (in Spanish). LR21. 2 July 2012.
  11. ^ Casey, Nicholas (10 December 2013). "Uruguay Legalizes Pot, Recasting Drug War". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  12. ^ Combs, Peter (21 August 2013). "Uruguay's marijuana experiment". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  13. ^ Ramsey, Geoffrey (25 July 2013). "Uruguay's Marijuana Bill and Organized Crime". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  14. ^ "Marijuana in the Americas: Legalize Me, Decriminalize Me, Prohibit Me". Revolución Pan Americana. 30 July 2012.
  15. ^ Cave, Damien (30 July 2012). "Uruguay Considers Legalizing Marijuana to Stop Traffickers". The New York Times.
  16. ^ "Uruguay considers legalising marijuana as 'experiment', says President Jose Mujica". news.com.au. 7 August 2013. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  17. ^ "Uruguay raises its hands to vote" (in Spanish). Brecha. 3 August 2013.
  18. ^ "The experiment: Another blow against prohibition". The Economist. 1 August 2013.
  19. ^ "Marihuana: Frente Amplio insiste en votar la ley antes de fin de año". El País (in Spanish). 6 November 2013. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  20. ^ (in Spanish) El País. Comisión del Senado aprobó proyecto sobre regulación de la marihuana. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  21. ^ Llambias, Felipe (11 December 2013). "Uruguay becomes first country to legalize marijuana trade". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  22. ^ Uruguay President Mujica signs marijuana law | The Seattle Times
  23. ^ Jack Davies and Jan De Deken (15 December 2013). "The Architect of Uruguay's Marijuana Legalization Speaks Out". reason.com. Reason Foundation. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  24. ^ "Can foreigners buy marijuana in Uruguay?". Guru'guay. 24 November 2014.
  25. ^ Miroff, Nick (10 December 2013). "Uruguay votes to legalize marijuana". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  26. ^ Uruguay marijuana sales delayed until 2015, Daily News,July/10/2014
  27. ^ Leonardo Haberkorn (1 August 2014). "Uruguayan Pot Marketplace May Go up in Smoke". Associated Press.
  28. ^ Uruguay's legal marijuana plan to go ahead despite new president's concerns | World news | The Guardian
  29. ^ Las dudas y contradicciones de la sociedad sobre la legalización de la marihuana Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine - Factum, 4 October 2013
  30. ^ El 74% de los uruguayos está a favor de la venta de marihuana con fines medicinales Archived 10 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine - El Observador, 5 December 2013
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