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California Department of Education

The California Department of Education is an agency within the government of California that oversees public education.

California Department of Education
Department overview
FormedDecember 17, 1921; 103 years ago (1921-12-17)[1]
JurisdictionGovernment of California
Headquarters1430 N Street,
Sacramento, CA 95814[2]
38°34′25″N 121°29′21″W / 38.57361°N 121.48917°W / 38.57361; -121.48917
Employees2740 (2018)[3]
Annual budgetUS$ 84.6 billion (2011)[4]
Department executives
Websitecde.ca.gov

The department oversees funding and testing, and holds local educational agencies accountable for student achievement. Its stated mission is to provide leadership, assistance, oversight, and resources (via teaching and teaching material) so that every Californian has access to a good education.

The State Board of Education is the governing and policy-making body, and the state superintendent of public instruction is the nonpartisan (originally partisan) elected executive officer. The superintendent serves as the state's chief spokesperson for public schools, provides education policy and direction to local school districts, and sits as an ex officio member of governing boards of the state's higher education system that are otherwise independent of the department.

History

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In 1920, the California State Legislature's Special Legislative Committee on Education conducted a comprehensive investigation of California's educational system. The Committee's final report, drafted by Ellwood Patterson Cubberley, explained that the system's chaotic ad hoc development had resulted in the division of jurisdiction over education at the state level between 23 separate boards and commissions, with a total of about 160 members. The report recommended the consolidation and centralization of all these entities under the jurisdiction of a single California Department of Education, and also to clarify the exact relationship between the existing State Board of Education and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Therefore, on May 31, 1921, the legislature enacted a bill creating such a department, to be headed by a Director of Education, and which also concurrently made the State Superintendent of Public Instruction the ex officio director of the new department. (The sole entity exempt from the new department's jurisdiction was the University of California, because of a 1886 court case involving control of the Hastings College of the Law.[5][6])

Among the various entities thus integrated were the State Normal Schools, which lost their boards of trustees, were made subordinate to the department's deputy director for the Division of Normal and Special Schools, and were renamed State Teachers Colleges. This created a rather bizarre administrative situation from 1921 to 1960. On the one hand, the department's actual supervision of the presidents of the State Teachers Colleges was rather minimal, which translated into substantial autonomy when it came to day-to-day operations.[7] On the other hand, the State Teachers Colleges were treated under state law as ordinary state agencies, which meant their budgets were subject to the same stifling bureaucratic financial controls as all other state agencies (except the University of California).[7] At least one president would depart his state college because of his express frustration over that issue (J. Paul Leonard, then-president of San Francisco State, in 1957).[7] The State Teachers Colleges were renamed State Colleges in 1935, but retained the same legal status. They finally regained full administrative autonomy after the recommendations of the California Master Plan for Higher Education were signed into law as the Donahoe Higher Education Act of 1960, which created the State College System of California (now the California State University) and authorized the appointment of a board of trustees and systemwide chancellor who would be independent of the department.

In 1967, the state's junior colleges (which had largely developed as extensions of existing high school districts at the local level) were renamed community colleges and organized into a new system called the California Community Colleges, and that system was then authorized to have its own board of governors and systemwide chancellor who would also be independent of the department.

Since 1967, the department has been focused on regulating and supporting local school districts which directly provide the bulk of K-12 primary and secondary education throughout the state, as well as operating the state's three special schools and three diagnostic centers in support of special education.[citation needed]

Ethnic studies

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In March 2021, after four years of development, the State Board of Education unanimously passed a new ethnic studies curriculum.[8] A bill that would have made ethnic studies a high school requirement had been vetoed by California's Governor the previous fall.[9]

2021 mathematics framework

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In response to academic inequity, the department is recommending elimination of accelerated math classes.[10][11][12][13] Referred to as math tracking, this debate centers on when students should complete Algebra 1, the gateway to more advanced mathematics courses often required for college admission and preparation. The guidance outlines that Algebra 1 should be taken in ninth grade, while recognizing that some might be prepared for a more advanced track in eighth. Justice-minded stakeholders argue that tracking pushes struggling students further behind and perpetuates segregation in school, supporting de-tracking instead.[14][15]

Beyond high school course sequencing, the framework also focuses on culturally responsive teaching, data science, and inquiry-based instruction.[16] The Board of Education’s guidance offers “big ideas in mathematics” to help students make connections between topics and use math to address real-world problems. By emphasizing data science, this framework also aims to prepare students for an increasingly tech-driven world. And with cultural responsiveness in mind, educators are encouraged to incorporate students’ cultural and social backgrounds into instruction and curriculum to make content more relevant for all. From there, students can apply mathematics to recognize, and fix, social justice issues.[17]

The framework was advanced in response to rising racial and socioeconomic discrepancies in student achievement and trends in lower U.S. math attainment compared to other advanced countries.[18][19] On July 12, 2023, the Board of Education adopted the framework.[20]

See also

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Colleges and Universities

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References

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  1. ^ Bureau of Publications, State Department of Education (November 1968). A History of the California State Department of Education 1900-1967 (PDF) (Report). Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  2. ^ Home. California Department of Education.
  3. ^ Government Compensation in California. California State Controller.
  4. ^ 2019-2020 State Budget: 6100 Department of Education. California Department of Finance.
  5. ^ Barnes, Thomas Garden (1978). Hastings College of the Law: The First Century. San Francisco: University of California Hastings College of the Law Press. pp. 84–85.
  6. ^ People v. Kewen, 69 Cal. 215, 10 P. 393 (1886).
  7. ^ a b c Gerth, Donald R. (2010). The People's University: A History of the California State University. Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press. p. xxi. ISBN 9780877724353.
  8. ^ Hoeven, Emily. "A day of historic votes". Cal Matters. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  9. ^ Agrawal, Nina (October 2, 2020). "What happens now that Gov. Newsom vetoed high school ethnic studies requirement?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  10. ^ Lee, Michael (May 5, 2021). "California seeks end of advanced math courses in name of social justice". Washington Examiner. Clarity Media Group. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  11. ^ Soave, Robby (May 5, 2021). "In the Name of Equity, California Will Discourage Students Who Are Gifted at Math". Reason.com. Reason Foundation. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  12. ^ "2021 Revision of the Mathematics Framework". California Department of Education. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  13. ^ Berry, Dr. Susan. "California Weighs 'Equitable Math': Goal of Obtaining Correct Answer Is Racist". The Jewish Voice. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  14. ^ Quartz, Sonali Kohli (November 18, 2014). "Modern-Day Segregation in Public Schools". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  15. ^ Meckler, Laura (June 10, 2021). "Can honors and regular students learn math together? A new approach argues yes". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  16. ^ Fensterwald, John. "State Board of Education passes new California math framework". EdSource. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  17. ^ Schwartz, Sarah (July 13, 2023). "California Adopts Controversial New Math Framework. Here's What's in It". Education Week. ISSN 0277-4232. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  18. ^ "Narrowing California's K-12 Student Achievement Gaps". lao.ca.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  19. ^ "The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions (National Center for Education Statistics)". nces.ed.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  20. ^ "Mathematics Framework - Mathematics (CA Dept of Education)". www.cde.ca.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
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